Genetic Responses and Aflatoxin Inhibition during Co-Culture of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus

Aflatoxin is a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus. Non-aflatoxigenic (Non-tox) A. flavus isolates are deployed in corn fields as biocontrol because they substantially reduce aflatoxin contamination via direct replacement and additionally via d...

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Autores principales:	Rebecca R. Sweany, Brian M. Mack, Geromy G. Moore, Matthew K. Gilbert, Jeffrey W. Cary, Matthew D. Lebar, Kanniah Rajasekaran, Kenneth E. Damann Jr.
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	aflatoxin secondary metabolism fungal interactions biocontrol biocontrol mechanism RNA-seq Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6bd9f70dbcc845d3886823709ecc1c61
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6bd9f70dbcc845d3886823709ecc1c612021-11-25T19:08:53ZGenetic Responses and Aflatoxin Inhibition during Co-Culture of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>10.3390/toxins131107942072-6651https://doaj.org/article/6bd9f70dbcc845d3886823709ecc1c612021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/794https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651Aflatoxin is a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. Non-aflatoxigenic (Non-tox) <i>A. flavus</i> isolates are deployed in corn fields as biocontrol because they substantially reduce aflatoxin contamination via direct replacement and additionally via direct contact or touch with toxigenic (Tox) isolates and secretion of inhibitory/degradative chemicals. To understand touch inhibition, HPLC analysis and RNA sequencing examined aflatoxin production and gene expression of Non-tox isolate 17 and Tox isolate 53 mono-cultures and during their interaction in co-culture. Aflatoxin production was reduced by 99.7% in 72 h co-cultures. Fewer than expected unique reads were assigned to Tox 53 during co-culture, indicating its growth and/or gene expression was inhibited in response to Non-tox 17. Predicted secreted proteins and genes involved in oxidation/reduction were enriched in Non-tox 17 and co-cultures compared to Tox 53. Five secondary metabolite (SM) gene clusters and kojic acid synthesis genes were upregulated in Non-tox 17 compared to Tox 53 and a few were further upregulated in co-cultures in response to touch. These results suggest Non-tox strains can inhibit growth and aflatoxin gene cluster expression in Tox strains through touch. Additionally, upregulation of other SM genes and redox genes during the biocontrol interaction demonstrates a potential role of inhibitory SMs and antioxidants as additional biocontrol mechanisms and deserves further exploration to improve biocontrol formulations.Rebecca R. SweanyBrian M. MackGeromy G. MooreMatthew K. GilbertJeffrey W. CaryMatthew D. LebarKanniah RajasekaranKenneth E. Damann Jr.MDPI AGarticleaflatoxinsecondary metabolismfungal interactionsbiocontrolbiocontrol mechanismRNA-seqMedicineRENToxins, Vol 13, Iss 794, p 794 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	aflatoxin secondary metabolism fungal interactions biocontrol biocontrol mechanism RNA-seq Medicine R
spellingShingle	aflatoxin secondary metabolism fungal interactions biocontrol biocontrol mechanism RNA-seq Medicine R Rebecca R. Sweany Brian M. Mack Geromy G. Moore Matthew K. Gilbert Jeffrey W. Cary Matthew D. Lebar Kanniah Rajasekaran Kenneth E. Damann Jr. Genetic Responses and Aflatoxin Inhibition during Co-Culture of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
description	Aflatoxin is a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. Non-aflatoxigenic (Non-tox) <i>A. flavus</i> isolates are deployed in corn fields as biocontrol because they substantially reduce aflatoxin contamination via direct replacement and additionally via direct contact or touch with toxigenic (Tox) isolates and secretion of inhibitory/degradative chemicals. To understand touch inhibition, HPLC analysis and RNA sequencing examined aflatoxin production and gene expression of Non-tox isolate 17 and Tox isolate 53 mono-cultures and during their interaction in co-culture. Aflatoxin production was reduced by 99.7% in 72 h co-cultures. Fewer than expected unique reads were assigned to Tox 53 during co-culture, indicating its growth and/or gene expression was inhibited in response to Non-tox 17. Predicted secreted proteins and genes involved in oxidation/reduction were enriched in Non-tox 17 and co-cultures compared to Tox 53. Five secondary metabolite (SM) gene clusters and kojic acid synthesis genes were upregulated in Non-tox 17 compared to Tox 53 and a few were further upregulated in co-cultures in response to touch. These results suggest Non-tox strains can inhibit growth and aflatoxin gene cluster expression in Tox strains through touch. Additionally, upregulation of other SM genes and redox genes during the biocontrol interaction demonstrates a potential role of inhibitory SMs and antioxidants as additional biocontrol mechanisms and deserves further exploration to improve biocontrol formulations.
format	article
author	Rebecca R. Sweany Brian M. Mack Geromy G. Moore Matthew K. Gilbert Jeffrey W. Cary Matthew D. Lebar Kanniah Rajasekaran Kenneth E. Damann Jr.
author_facet	Rebecca R. Sweany Brian M. Mack Geromy G. Moore Matthew K. Gilbert Jeffrey W. Cary Matthew D. Lebar Kanniah Rajasekaran Kenneth E. Damann Jr.
author_sort	Rebecca R. Sweany
title	Genetic Responses and Aflatoxin Inhibition during Co-Culture of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
title_short	Genetic Responses and Aflatoxin Inhibition during Co-Culture of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
title_full	Genetic Responses and Aflatoxin Inhibition during Co-Culture of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
title_fullStr	Genetic Responses and Aflatoxin Inhibition during Co-Culture of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
title_full_unstemmed	Genetic Responses and Aflatoxin Inhibition during Co-Culture of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
title_sort	genetic responses and aflatoxin inhibition during co-culture of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic <i>aspergillus flavus</i>
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6bd9f70dbcc845d3886823709ecc1c61
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Genetic Responses and Aflatoxin Inhibition during Co-Culture of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>

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