Functional Analysis of the “Green Revolution” Gene Photoperiod-1 and Its Selection Trends During Bread Wheat Breeding

Flowering is central to the transformation of plants from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. The circadian clock system enables plants to sense the changes in the external environment and to modify the growth and development process at an appropriate time. Photoperiod-1 (Ppd-1), which is cont...

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Autores principales:	Yongzhen Wu, Jiahui Liu, Guimei Hu, Huixian Xue, Huiyuan Xu, Chunhua Zhao, Ran Qin, Fa Cui, Han Sun
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	circadian clock Ppd-1 molecular marker haplotype association analysis yield-related traits Plant culture SB1-1110
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6bdc5134e05145b691390f429eeba26b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6bdc5134e05145b691390f429eeba26b2021-11-11T05:05:10ZFunctional Analysis of the “Green Revolution” Gene Photoperiod-1 and Its Selection Trends During Bread Wheat Breeding1664-462X10.3389/fpls.2021.745411https://doaj.org/article/6bdc5134e05145b691390f429eeba26b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.745411/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-462XFlowering is central to the transformation of plants from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. The circadian clock system enables plants to sense the changes in the external environment and to modify the growth and development process at an appropriate time. Photoperiod-1 (Ppd-1), which is controlled by the output signal of the circadian clock, has played an important role in the wheat “Green Revolution.” In the current study, we systematically studied the relationship between Ppd-1 haplotypes and both wheat yield- and quality-related traits, using genome-wide association analysis and transgenic strategies, and found that highly appropriate haplotypes had been selected in the wheat breeding programs. Genome-wide association analysis showed that Ppd-1 is associated with significant differences in yield-related traits in wheat, including spike length (SL), heading date (HD), plant height (PH), and thousand-grain weight (TGW). Ppd-1-Hapl-A1 showed increased SL by 4.72–5.93%, whereas Ppd-1-Hapl-B1 and Ppd-1-Hapl-D1 displayed earlier HD by 0.58–0.75 and 1.24–2.93%, respectively, decreased PH by 5.64–13.08 and 13.62–27.30%, respectively, and increased TGW by 4.89–10.94 and 11.12–21.45%, respectively. Furthermore, the constitutive expression of the Ppd-D1 gene in rice significantly delayed heading date and resulted in reduced plant height, thousand-grain weight, grain width (GW), and total protein content. With reference to 40years of data from Chinese wheat breeding, it was found that the appropriate haplotypes Ppd-1-Hapl-A1, Ppd-1-Hapl-B1, and Ppd-1-Hapl-D1 had all been subjected to directional selection, and that their distribution frequencies had increased from 26.09, 60.00, and 52.00% in landraces to 42.55, 93.62, and 96.23% in wheat cultivars developed in the 2010s. A Ppd-B1 methylation molecular marker was also developed to assist molecular wheat breeding. This research is of significance for fully exploring the function of the Ppd-1 gene and its genetic resource diversity, to effectively use the most appropriate haplotypes and to improve crop yield and sustainability.Yongzhen WuYongzhen WuJiahui LiuJiahui LiuGuimei HuGuimei HuHuixian XueHuixian XueHuiyuan XuHuiyuan XuChunhua ZhaoChunhua ZhaoRan QinRan QinFa CuiFa CuiHan SunHan SunFrontiers Media S.A.articlecircadian clockPpd-1molecular markerhaplotypeassociation analysisyield-related traitsPlant cultureSB1-1110ENFrontiers in Plant Science, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	circadian clock Ppd-1 molecular marker haplotype association analysis yield-related traits Plant culture SB1-1110
spellingShingle	circadian clock Ppd-1 molecular marker haplotype association analysis yield-related traits Plant culture SB1-1110 Yongzhen Wu Yongzhen Wu Jiahui Liu Jiahui Liu Guimei Hu Guimei Hu Huixian Xue Huixian Xue Huiyuan Xu Huiyuan Xu Chunhua Zhao Chunhua Zhao Ran Qin Ran Qin Fa Cui Fa Cui Han Sun Han Sun Functional Analysis of the “Green Revolution” Gene Photoperiod-1 and Its Selection Trends During Bread Wheat Breeding
description	Flowering is central to the transformation of plants from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. The circadian clock system enables plants to sense the changes in the external environment and to modify the growth and development process at an appropriate time. Photoperiod-1 (Ppd-1), which is controlled by the output signal of the circadian clock, has played an important role in the wheat “Green Revolution.” In the current study, we systematically studied the relationship between Ppd-1 haplotypes and both wheat yield- and quality-related traits, using genome-wide association analysis and transgenic strategies, and found that highly appropriate haplotypes had been selected in the wheat breeding programs. Genome-wide association analysis showed that Ppd-1 is associated with significant differences in yield-related traits in wheat, including spike length (SL), heading date (HD), plant height (PH), and thousand-grain weight (TGW). Ppd-1-Hapl-A1 showed increased SL by 4.72–5.93%, whereas Ppd-1-Hapl-B1 and Ppd-1-Hapl-D1 displayed earlier HD by 0.58–0.75 and 1.24–2.93%, respectively, decreased PH by 5.64–13.08 and 13.62–27.30%, respectively, and increased TGW by 4.89–10.94 and 11.12–21.45%, respectively. Furthermore, the constitutive expression of the Ppd-D1 gene in rice significantly delayed heading date and resulted in reduced plant height, thousand-grain weight, grain width (GW), and total protein content. With reference to 40years of data from Chinese wheat breeding, it was found that the appropriate haplotypes Ppd-1-Hapl-A1, Ppd-1-Hapl-B1, and Ppd-1-Hapl-D1 had all been subjected to directional selection, and that their distribution frequencies had increased from 26.09, 60.00, and 52.00% in landraces to 42.55, 93.62, and 96.23% in wheat cultivars developed in the 2010s. A Ppd-B1 methylation molecular marker was also developed to assist molecular wheat breeding. This research is of significance for fully exploring the function of the Ppd-1 gene and its genetic resource diversity, to effectively use the most appropriate haplotypes and to improve crop yield and sustainability.
format	article
author	Yongzhen Wu Yongzhen Wu Jiahui Liu Jiahui Liu Guimei Hu Guimei Hu Huixian Xue Huixian Xue Huiyuan Xu Huiyuan Xu Chunhua Zhao Chunhua Zhao Ran Qin Ran Qin Fa Cui Fa Cui Han Sun Han Sun
author_facet	Yongzhen Wu Yongzhen Wu Jiahui Liu Jiahui Liu Guimei Hu Guimei Hu Huixian Xue Huixian Xue Huiyuan Xu Huiyuan Xu Chunhua Zhao Chunhua Zhao Ran Qin Ran Qin Fa Cui Fa Cui Han Sun Han Sun
author_sort	Yongzhen Wu
title	Functional Analysis of the “Green Revolution” Gene Photoperiod-1 and Its Selection Trends During Bread Wheat Breeding
title_short	Functional Analysis of the “Green Revolution” Gene Photoperiod-1 and Its Selection Trends During Bread Wheat Breeding
title_full	Functional Analysis of the “Green Revolution” Gene Photoperiod-1 and Its Selection Trends During Bread Wheat Breeding
title_fullStr	Functional Analysis of the “Green Revolution” Gene Photoperiod-1 and Its Selection Trends During Bread Wheat Breeding
title_full_unstemmed	Functional Analysis of the “Green Revolution” Gene Photoperiod-1 and Its Selection Trends During Bread Wheat Breeding
title_sort	functional analysis of the “green revolution” gene photoperiod-1 and its selection trends during bread wheat breeding
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6bdc5134e05145b691390f429eeba26b
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Functional Analysis of the “Green Revolution” Gene Photoperiod-1 and Its Selection Trends During Bread Wheat Breeding

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