Elevated Fecal pH Indicates a Profound Change in the Breastfed Infant Gut Microbiome Due to Reduction of <italic toggle="yes">Bifidobacterium</italic> over the Past Century

ABSTRACT Historically, Bifidobacterium species were reported as abundant in the breastfed infant gut. However, recent studies in resource-rich countries show an increased abundance of taxa regarded as signatures of dysbiosis. It is unclear whether these differences are the product of genetics, geogr...

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Autores principales:	Bethany M. Henrick, Andra A. Hutton, Michelle C. Palumbo, Giorgio Casaburi, Ryan D. Mitchell, Mark A. Underwood, Jennifer T. Smilowitz, Steven A. Frese
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2018
Materias:	Bifidobacterium biochemistry infant microbiome microbiome Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6be638f4040c42649932bf7d7a9177a3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6be638f4040c42649932bf7d7a9177a32021-11-15T15:22:14ZElevated Fecal pH Indicates a Profound Change in the Breastfed Infant Gut Microbiome Due to Reduction of <italic toggle="yes">Bifidobacterium</italic> over the Past Century10.1128/mSphere.00041-182379-5042https://doaj.org/article/6be638f4040c42649932bf7d7a9177a32018-04-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00041-18https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5042ABSTRACT Historically, Bifidobacterium species were reported as abundant in the breastfed infant gut. However, recent studies in resource-rich countries show an increased abundance of taxa regarded as signatures of dysbiosis. It is unclear whether these differences are the product of genetics, geographic factors, or interventions such as formula feeding, antibiotics, and caesarean section. Fecal pH is strongly associated with Bifidobacterium abundance; thus, pH could be an indicator of its historical abundance. A review of 14 clinical studies published between 1926 and 2017, representing more than 312 healthy breastfed infants, demonstrated a change in fecal pH from 5.0 to 6.5 (adjusted r2 = 0.61). This trend of increasing infant fecal pH over the past century is consistent with current reported discrepancies in Bifidobacterium species abundance in the gut microbiome in resource-rich countries compared to that in historical reports. Our analysis showed that increased fecal pH and abundance of members of the families Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Veillonellaceae are associated, indicating that loss of highly specialized Bifidobacterium species may result in dysbiosis, the implications of which are not yet fully elucidated. Critical assessment of interventions that restore this ecosystem, measured by key parameters such as ecosystem productivity, gut function, and long-term health, are necessary to understand the magnitude of this change in human biology over the past century.Bethany M. HenrickAndra A. HuttonMichelle C. PalumboGiorgio CasaburiRyan D. MitchellMark A. UnderwoodJennifer T. SmilowitzSteven A. FreseAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleBifidobacteriumbiochemistryinfant microbiomemicrobiomeMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSphere, Vol 3, Iss 2 (2018)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Bifidobacterium biochemistry infant microbiome microbiome Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Bifidobacterium biochemistry infant microbiome microbiome Microbiology QR1-502 Bethany M. Henrick Andra A. Hutton Michelle C. Palumbo Giorgio Casaburi Ryan D. Mitchell Mark A. Underwood Jennifer T. Smilowitz Steven A. Frese Elevated Fecal pH Indicates a Profound Change in the Breastfed Infant Gut Microbiome Due to Reduction of <italic toggle="yes">Bifidobacterium</italic> over the Past Century
description	ABSTRACT Historically, Bifidobacterium species were reported as abundant in the breastfed infant gut. However, recent studies in resource-rich countries show an increased abundance of taxa regarded as signatures of dysbiosis. It is unclear whether these differences are the product of genetics, geographic factors, or interventions such as formula feeding, antibiotics, and caesarean section. Fecal pH is strongly associated with Bifidobacterium abundance; thus, pH could be an indicator of its historical abundance. A review of 14 clinical studies published between 1926 and 2017, representing more than 312 healthy breastfed infants, demonstrated a change in fecal pH from 5.0 to 6.5 (adjusted r2 = 0.61). This trend of increasing infant fecal pH over the past century is consistent with current reported discrepancies in Bifidobacterium species abundance in the gut microbiome in resource-rich countries compared to that in historical reports. Our analysis showed that increased fecal pH and abundance of members of the families Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Veillonellaceae are associated, indicating that loss of highly specialized Bifidobacterium species may result in dysbiosis, the implications of which are not yet fully elucidated. Critical assessment of interventions that restore this ecosystem, measured by key parameters such as ecosystem productivity, gut function, and long-term health, are necessary to understand the magnitude of this change in human biology over the past century.
format	article
author	Bethany M. Henrick Andra A. Hutton Michelle C. Palumbo Giorgio Casaburi Ryan D. Mitchell Mark A. Underwood Jennifer T. Smilowitz Steven A. Frese
author_facet	Bethany M. Henrick Andra A. Hutton Michelle C. Palumbo Giorgio Casaburi Ryan D. Mitchell Mark A. Underwood Jennifer T. Smilowitz Steven A. Frese
author_sort	Bethany M. Henrick
title	Elevated Fecal pH Indicates a Profound Change in the Breastfed Infant Gut Microbiome Due to Reduction of <italic toggle="yes">Bifidobacterium</italic> over the Past Century
title_short	Elevated Fecal pH Indicates a Profound Change in the Breastfed Infant Gut Microbiome Due to Reduction of <italic toggle="yes">Bifidobacterium</italic> over the Past Century
title_full	Elevated Fecal pH Indicates a Profound Change in the Breastfed Infant Gut Microbiome Due to Reduction of <italic toggle="yes">Bifidobacterium</italic> over the Past Century
title_fullStr	Elevated Fecal pH Indicates a Profound Change in the Breastfed Infant Gut Microbiome Due to Reduction of <italic toggle="yes">Bifidobacterium</italic> over the Past Century
title_full_unstemmed	Elevated Fecal pH Indicates a Profound Change in the Breastfed Infant Gut Microbiome Due to Reduction of <italic toggle="yes">Bifidobacterium</italic> over the Past Century
title_sort	elevated fecal ph indicates a profound change in the breastfed infant gut microbiome due to reduction of <italic toggle="yes">bifidobacterium</italic> over the past century
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2018
url	https://doaj.org/article/6be638f4040c42649932bf7d7a9177a3
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Elevated Fecal pH Indicates a Profound Change in the Breastfed Infant Gut Microbiome Due to Reduction of <italic toggle="yes">Bifidobacterium</italic> over the Past Century

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