Goldmann tonometry tear film error and partial correction with a shaped applanation surface

Sean J McCafferty,1–4 Eniko T Enikov,5 Jim Schwiegerling,2,3 Sean M Ashley1,3 1Intuor Technologies, 2Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 3University of Arizona College of Optical Science, 4Arizona Eye Consultants, 5Department of Mechanical and Aerospace...

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Autores principales:	McCafferty SJ, Enikov ET, Schwiegerling J, Ashley SM
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2018
Materias:	Glaucoma intraocular pressure IOP Goldmann bias error tonometer applanation tear film. Ophthalmology RE1-994
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6c00108444044fcface53039c1413810
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6c00108444044fcface53039c14138102021-12-02T01:29:52ZGoldmann tonometry tear film error and partial correction with a shaped applanation surface1177-5483https://doaj.org/article/6c00108444044fcface53039c14138102018-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/goldmann-tonometry-tear-film-error-and-partial-correction-with-a-shape-peer-reviewed-article-OPTHhttps://doaj.org/toc/1177-5483Sean J McCafferty,1–4 Eniko T Enikov,5 Jim Schwiegerling,2,3 Sean M Ashley1,3 1Intuor Technologies, 2Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 3University of Arizona College of Optical Science, 4Arizona Eye Consultants, 5Department of Mechanical and Aerospace, University of Arizona College of Engineering, Tucson, AZ, USA Purpose: The aim of the study was to quantify the isolated tear film adhesion error in a Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) prism and in a correcting applanation tonometry surface (CATS) prism.Methods: The separation force of a tonometer prism adhered by a tear film to a simulated cornea was measured to quantify an isolated tear film adhesion force. Acrylic hemispheres (7.8 mm radius) used as corneas were lathed over the apical 3.06 mm diameter to simulate full applanation contact with the prism surface for both GAT and CATS prisms. Tear film separation measurements were completed with both an artificial tear and fluorescein solutions as a fluid bridge. The applanation mire thicknesses were measured and correlated with the tear film separation measurements. Human cadaver eyes were used to validate simulated cornea tear film separation measurement differences between the GAT and CATS prisms.Results: The CATS prism tear film adhesion error (2.74±0.21 mmHg) was significantly less than the GAT prism (4.57±0.18 mmHg, p<0.001). Tear film adhesion error was independent of applanation mire thickness (R2=0.09, p=0.04). Fluorescein produces more tear film error than artificial tears (+0.51±0.04 mmHg; p<0.001). Cadaver eye validation indicated the CATS prism’s tear film adhesion error (1.40±0.51 mmHg) was significantly less than that of the GAT prism (3.30±0.38 mmHg; p=0.002).Conclusion: Measured GAT tear film adhesion error is more than previously predicted. A CATS prism significantly reduced tear film adhesion error by ~41%. Fluorescein solution increases the tear film adhesion compared to artificial tears, while mire thickness has a negligible effect. Keywords: glaucoma, intraocular pressure, IOP, Goldmann, bias, error, tonometer, applanation, tear filmMcCafferty SJEnikov ETSchwiegerling JAshley SMDove Medical PressarticleGlaucomaintraocular pressureIOPGoldmannbiaserrortonometerapplanationtear film.OphthalmologyRE1-994ENClinical Ophthalmology, Vol Volume 12, Pp 71-78 (2018)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Glaucoma intraocular pressure IOP Goldmann bias error tonometer applanation tear film. Ophthalmology RE1-994
spellingShingle	Glaucoma intraocular pressure IOP Goldmann bias error tonometer applanation tear film. Ophthalmology RE1-994 McCafferty SJ Enikov ET Schwiegerling J Ashley SM Goldmann tonometry tear film error and partial correction with a shaped applanation surface
description	Sean J McCafferty,1–4 Eniko T Enikov,5 Jim Schwiegerling,2,3 Sean M Ashley1,3 1Intuor Technologies, 2Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 3University of Arizona College of Optical Science, 4Arizona Eye Consultants, 5Department of Mechanical and Aerospace, University of Arizona College of Engineering, Tucson, AZ, USA Purpose: The aim of the study was to quantify the isolated tear film adhesion error in a Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) prism and in a correcting applanation tonometry surface (CATS) prism.Methods: The separation force of a tonometer prism adhered by a tear film to a simulated cornea was measured to quantify an isolated tear film adhesion force. Acrylic hemispheres (7.8 mm radius) used as corneas were lathed over the apical 3.06 mm diameter to simulate full applanation contact with the prism surface for both GAT and CATS prisms. Tear film separation measurements were completed with both an artificial tear and fluorescein solutions as a fluid bridge. The applanation mire thicknesses were measured and correlated with the tear film separation measurements. Human cadaver eyes were used to validate simulated cornea tear film separation measurement differences between the GAT and CATS prisms.Results: The CATS prism tear film adhesion error (2.74±0.21 mmHg) was significantly less than the GAT prism (4.57±0.18 mmHg, p<0.001). Tear film adhesion error was independent of applanation mire thickness (R2=0.09, p=0.04). Fluorescein produces more tear film error than artificial tears (+0.51±0.04 mmHg; p<0.001). Cadaver eye validation indicated the CATS prism’s tear film adhesion error (1.40±0.51 mmHg) was significantly less than that of the GAT prism (3.30±0.38 mmHg; p=0.002).Conclusion: Measured GAT tear film adhesion error is more than previously predicted. A CATS prism significantly reduced tear film adhesion error by ~41%. Fluorescein solution increases the tear film adhesion compared to artificial tears, while mire thickness has a negligible effect. Keywords: glaucoma, intraocular pressure, IOP, Goldmann, bias, error, tonometer, applanation, tear film
format	article
author	McCafferty SJ Enikov ET Schwiegerling J Ashley SM
author_facet	McCafferty SJ Enikov ET Schwiegerling J Ashley SM
author_sort	McCafferty SJ
title	Goldmann tonometry tear film error and partial correction with a shaped applanation surface
title_short	Goldmann tonometry tear film error and partial correction with a shaped applanation surface
title_full	Goldmann tonometry tear film error and partial correction with a shaped applanation surface
title_fullStr	Goldmann tonometry tear film error and partial correction with a shaped applanation surface
title_full_unstemmed	Goldmann tonometry tear film error and partial correction with a shaped applanation surface
title_sort	goldmann tonometry tear film error and partial correction with a shaped applanation surface
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2018
url	https://doaj.org/article/6c00108444044fcface53039c1413810
work_keys_str_mv	AT mccaffertysj goldmanntonometrytearfilmerrorandpartialcorrectionwithashapedapplanationsurface AT enikovet goldmanntonometrytearfilmerrorandpartialcorrectionwithashapedapplanationsurface AT schwiegerlingj goldmanntonometrytearfilmerrorandpartialcorrectionwithashapedapplanationsurface AT ashleysm goldmanntonometrytearfilmerrorandpartialcorrectionwithashapedapplanationsurface
_version_	1718403021752238080

Goldmann tonometry tear film error and partial correction with a shaped applanation surface

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