Climate and Competitive Status Modulate the Variation in Secondary Metabolites More in Leaves Than in Fine Roots of Betula pendula

Plant secondary metabolites have many important functions; they also determine the productivity and resilience of trees under climate change. The effects of environmental factors on secondary metabolites are much better understood in above-ground than in below-ground part of the tree. Competition is...

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Autores principales:	Arvo Tullus, Linda Rusalepp, Reimo Lutter, Katrin Rosenvald, Ants Kaasik, Lars Rytter, Sari Kontunen-Soppela, Elina Oksanen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	climate intraspecific competition Fennoscandia fine roots leaf chemistry plant phenolics Plant culture SB1-1110
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6d25f31d17d7465384c9720e55f527dd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6d25f31d17d7465384c9720e55f527dd2021-12-01T01:17:02ZClimate and Competitive Status Modulate the Variation in Secondary Metabolites More in Leaves Than in Fine Roots of Betula pendula1664-462X10.3389/fpls.2021.746165https://doaj.org/article/6d25f31d17d7465384c9720e55f527dd2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.746165/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-462XPlant secondary metabolites have many important functions; they also determine the productivity and resilience of trees under climate change. The effects of environmental factors on secondary metabolites are much better understood in above-ground than in below-ground part of the tree. Competition is a crucial biotic stress factor, but little is known about the interaction effect of climate and competition on the secondary chemistry of trees. Moreover, competition effect is usually overlooked when analyzing the sources of variation in the secondary chemistry. Our aim was to clarify the effects of competitive status, within-crown light environment, and climate on the secondary chemistry of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). We sampled leaves (from upper and lower crown) and fine roots from competitively dominant and suppressed B. pendula trees in plantations along a latitudinal gradient (56–67° N) in Fennoscandia, with mean annual temperature (MAT) range: −1 to 8°C. Secondary metabolites in leaves (SML) and fine roots (SMFR) were determined with an HPLC-qTOF mass spectrometer. We found that SML content increased significantly with MAT. The effect of competitive stress on SML strengthened in colder climates (MAT<4°C). Competition and shade initiated a few similar responses in SML. SMFR varied less with MAT. Suppressed trees allocated relatively more resources to SML in warmer climates and to SMFR in colder ones. Our study revealed that the content and profile of secondary metabolites (mostly phenolic defense compounds and growth regulators) in leaves of B. pendula varied with climate and reflected the trees’ defense requirements against herbivory, exposure to irradiance, and competitive status (resource supply). The metabolic profile of fine roots reflected, besides defense requirements, also different below-ground competition strategies in warmer and colder climates. An increase in carbon assimilation to secondary compounds can be expected at northern latitudes due to climate change.Arvo TullusLinda RusaleppLinda RusaleppReimo LutterKatrin RosenvaldAnts KaasikLars RytterSari Kontunen-SoppelaElina OksanenFrontiers Media S.A.articleclimateintraspecific competitionFennoscandiafine rootsleaf chemistryplant phenolicsPlant cultureSB1-1110ENFrontiers in Plant Science, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	climate intraspecific competition Fennoscandia fine roots leaf chemistry plant phenolics Plant culture SB1-1110
spellingShingle	climate intraspecific competition Fennoscandia fine roots leaf chemistry plant phenolics Plant culture SB1-1110 Arvo Tullus Linda Rusalepp Linda Rusalepp Reimo Lutter Katrin Rosenvald Ants Kaasik Lars Rytter Sari Kontunen-Soppela Elina Oksanen Climate and Competitive Status Modulate the Variation in Secondary Metabolites More in Leaves Than in Fine Roots of Betula pendula
description	Plant secondary metabolites have many important functions; they also determine the productivity and resilience of trees under climate change. The effects of environmental factors on secondary metabolites are much better understood in above-ground than in below-ground part of the tree. Competition is a crucial biotic stress factor, but little is known about the interaction effect of climate and competition on the secondary chemistry of trees. Moreover, competition effect is usually overlooked when analyzing the sources of variation in the secondary chemistry. Our aim was to clarify the effects of competitive status, within-crown light environment, and climate on the secondary chemistry of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). We sampled leaves (from upper and lower crown) and fine roots from competitively dominant and suppressed B. pendula trees in plantations along a latitudinal gradient (56–67° N) in Fennoscandia, with mean annual temperature (MAT) range: −1 to 8°C. Secondary metabolites in leaves (SML) and fine roots (SMFR) were determined with an HPLC-qTOF mass spectrometer. We found that SML content increased significantly with MAT. The effect of competitive stress on SML strengthened in colder climates (MAT<4°C). Competition and shade initiated a few similar responses in SML. SMFR varied less with MAT. Suppressed trees allocated relatively more resources to SML in warmer climates and to SMFR in colder ones. Our study revealed that the content and profile of secondary metabolites (mostly phenolic defense compounds and growth regulators) in leaves of B. pendula varied with climate and reflected the trees’ defense requirements against herbivory, exposure to irradiance, and competitive status (resource supply). The metabolic profile of fine roots reflected, besides defense requirements, also different below-ground competition strategies in warmer and colder climates. An increase in carbon assimilation to secondary compounds can be expected at northern latitudes due to climate change.
format	article
author	Arvo Tullus Linda Rusalepp Linda Rusalepp Reimo Lutter Katrin Rosenvald Ants Kaasik Lars Rytter Sari Kontunen-Soppela Elina Oksanen
author_facet	Arvo Tullus Linda Rusalepp Linda Rusalepp Reimo Lutter Katrin Rosenvald Ants Kaasik Lars Rytter Sari Kontunen-Soppela Elina Oksanen
author_sort	Arvo Tullus
title	Climate and Competitive Status Modulate the Variation in Secondary Metabolites More in Leaves Than in Fine Roots of Betula pendula
title_short	Climate and Competitive Status Modulate the Variation in Secondary Metabolites More in Leaves Than in Fine Roots of Betula pendula
title_full	Climate and Competitive Status Modulate the Variation in Secondary Metabolites More in Leaves Than in Fine Roots of Betula pendula
title_fullStr	Climate and Competitive Status Modulate the Variation in Secondary Metabolites More in Leaves Than in Fine Roots of Betula pendula
title_full_unstemmed	Climate and Competitive Status Modulate the Variation in Secondary Metabolites More in Leaves Than in Fine Roots of Betula pendula
title_sort	climate and competitive status modulate the variation in secondary metabolites more in leaves than in fine roots of betula pendula
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6d25f31d17d7465384c9720e55f527dd
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Climate and Competitive Status Modulate the Variation in Secondary Metabolites More in Leaves Than in Fine Roots of Betula pendula

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