Relevance of BRAF Subcellular Localization and Its Interaction with <i>KRAS</i> and <i>KIT</i> Mutations in Skin Melanoma

Although skin melanoma (SKM) represents only one-quarter of newly diagnosed skin malignant tumors, it presents a high mortality rate. Hence, new prognostic and therapeutic tools need to be developed. This study focused on investigating the prognostic value of the subcellular expression of BRAF, KRAS...

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Autores principales:	Marius-Alexandru Beleaua, Ioan Jung, Cornelia Braicu, Doina Milutin, Simona Gurzu
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	melanoma KIT KRAS nuclear BRAF gene in silico analysis Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6d60a0dcd9ef4a489be64dfc18f5561f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6d60a0dcd9ef4a489be64dfc18f5561f2021-11-11T17:19:59ZRelevance of BRAF Subcellular Localization and Its Interaction with <i>KRAS</i> and <i>KIT</i> Mutations in Skin Melanoma10.3390/ijms2221119181422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/6d60a0dcd9ef4a489be64dfc18f5561f2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11918https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Although skin melanoma (SKM) represents only one-quarter of newly diagnosed skin malignant tumors, it presents a high mortality rate. Hence, new prognostic and therapeutic tools need to be developed. This study focused on investigating the prognostic value of the subcellular expression of BRAF, KRAS, and KIT in SKM in correlation with their gene-encoding interactions. In silico analysis of the abovementioned gene interactions, along with their mRNA expression, was conducted, and the results were validated at the protein level using immunohistochemical (IHC) stains. For IHC expression, the encoded protein expressions were checked on 96 consecutive SKMs and 30 nevi. The UALCAN database showed no prognostic value for the mRNA expression level of KRAS and BRAF and demonstrated a longer survival for patients with low mRNA expression of KIT in SKMs. IHC examinations of SKMs confirmed the UALCAN data and showed that KIT expression was inversely correlated with ulceration, Breslow index, mitotic rate, and pT stage. KRAS expression was also found to be inversely correlated with ulceration and perineural invasion. When the subcellular expression of BRAF protein was recorded (nuclear vs. cytoplasmatic vs. mixed nucleus + cytoplasm), a direct correlation was emphasized between nuclear positivity and lymphovascular or perineural invasion. The independent prognostic value was demonstrated for mixed expression of the BRAF protein in SKM. BRAF cytoplasmic predominance, in association with KIT’s IHC positivity, was more frequently observed in early-stage nonulcerated SKMs, which displayed a low mitotic rate and a late death event. The present study firstly verified the possible prognostic value of BRAF subcellular localization in SKMs. A low mRNA expression or IHC cytoplasmic positivity for KIT and BRAF might be used as a positive prognostic parameter of SKM. SKM’s BRAF nuclear positivity needs to be evaluated in further studies as a possible indicator of perineural and lymphovascular invasion.Marius-Alexandru BeleauaIoan JungCornelia BraicuDoina MilutinSimona GurzuMDPI AGarticlemelanomaKITKRASnuclear BRAFgenein silico analysisBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 11918, p 11918 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	melanoma KIT KRAS nuclear BRAF gene in silico analysis Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	melanoma KIT KRAS nuclear BRAF gene in silico analysis Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Marius-Alexandru Beleaua Ioan Jung Cornelia Braicu Doina Milutin Simona Gurzu Relevance of BRAF Subcellular Localization and Its Interaction with <i>KRAS</i> and <i>KIT</i> Mutations in Skin Melanoma
description	Although skin melanoma (SKM) represents only one-quarter of newly diagnosed skin malignant tumors, it presents a high mortality rate. Hence, new prognostic and therapeutic tools need to be developed. This study focused on investigating the prognostic value of the subcellular expression of BRAF, KRAS, and KIT in SKM in correlation with their gene-encoding interactions. In silico analysis of the abovementioned gene interactions, along with their mRNA expression, was conducted, and the results were validated at the protein level using immunohistochemical (IHC) stains. For IHC expression, the encoded protein expressions were checked on 96 consecutive SKMs and 30 nevi. The UALCAN database showed no prognostic value for the mRNA expression level of KRAS and BRAF and demonstrated a longer survival for patients with low mRNA expression of KIT in SKMs. IHC examinations of SKMs confirmed the UALCAN data and showed that KIT expression was inversely correlated with ulceration, Breslow index, mitotic rate, and pT stage. KRAS expression was also found to be inversely correlated with ulceration and perineural invasion. When the subcellular expression of BRAF protein was recorded (nuclear vs. cytoplasmatic vs. mixed nucleus + cytoplasm), a direct correlation was emphasized between nuclear positivity and lymphovascular or perineural invasion. The independent prognostic value was demonstrated for mixed expression of the BRAF protein in SKM. BRAF cytoplasmic predominance, in association with KIT’s IHC positivity, was more frequently observed in early-stage nonulcerated SKMs, which displayed a low mitotic rate and a late death event. The present study firstly verified the possible prognostic value of BRAF subcellular localization in SKMs. A low mRNA expression or IHC cytoplasmic positivity for KIT and BRAF might be used as a positive prognostic parameter of SKM. SKM’s BRAF nuclear positivity needs to be evaluated in further studies as a possible indicator of perineural and lymphovascular invasion.
format	article
author	Marius-Alexandru Beleaua Ioan Jung Cornelia Braicu Doina Milutin Simona Gurzu
author_facet	Marius-Alexandru Beleaua Ioan Jung Cornelia Braicu Doina Milutin Simona Gurzu
author_sort	Marius-Alexandru Beleaua
title	Relevance of BRAF Subcellular Localization and Its Interaction with <i>KRAS</i> and <i>KIT</i> Mutations in Skin Melanoma
title_short	Relevance of BRAF Subcellular Localization and Its Interaction with <i>KRAS</i> and <i>KIT</i> Mutations in Skin Melanoma
title_full	Relevance of BRAF Subcellular Localization and Its Interaction with <i>KRAS</i> and <i>KIT</i> Mutations in Skin Melanoma
title_fullStr	Relevance of BRAF Subcellular Localization and Its Interaction with <i>KRAS</i> and <i>KIT</i> Mutations in Skin Melanoma
title_full_unstemmed	Relevance of BRAF Subcellular Localization and Its Interaction with <i>KRAS</i> and <i>KIT</i> Mutations in Skin Melanoma
title_sort	relevance of braf subcellular localization and its interaction with <i>kras</i> and <i>kit</i> mutations in skin melanoma
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6d60a0dcd9ef4a489be64dfc18f5561f
work_keys_str_mv	AT mariusalexandrubeleaua relevanceofbrafsubcellularlocalizationanditsinteractionwithikrasiandikitimutationsinskinmelanoma AT ioanjung relevanceofbrafsubcellularlocalizationanditsinteractionwithikrasiandikitimutationsinskinmelanoma AT corneliabraicu relevanceofbrafsubcellularlocalizationanditsinteractionwithikrasiandikitimutationsinskinmelanoma AT doinamilutin relevanceofbrafsubcellularlocalizationanditsinteractionwithikrasiandikitimutationsinskinmelanoma AT simonagurzu relevanceofbrafsubcellularlocalizationanditsinteractionwithikrasiandikitimutationsinskinmelanoma
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Relevance of BRAF Subcellular Localization and Its Interaction with <i>KRAS</i> and <i>KIT</i> Mutations in Skin Melanoma

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