Quantifying the Effect of Initial Fluctuations on Isospin-Sensitive Observables from Heavy-Ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies

Quantifying the Effect of Initial Fluctuations on Isospin-Sensitive Observables from Heavy-Ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies

Initial fluctuation is one of the ingredients that washes fingerprints of the nuclear symmetry energy on observables in heavy-ion collisions. By artificially using the same initial nuclei in all collision events, the effect of the initial fluctuation on isospin-sensitive observables, e.g., the yield...

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Autores principales: Yongjia Wang, Zepeng Gao, Qingfeng Li
Formato: article
Lenguaje:EN
Publicado: MDPI AG 2021
Materias:
initial fluctuation
heavy-ion collision
transport model
nuclear symmetry energy
Mathematics
QA1-939
Acceso en línea:https://doaj.org/article/6d80a4083bb648fcbc5d30f6c9dd87f8
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record_format dspace
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic initial fluctuation
heavy-ion collision
transport model
nuclear symmetry energy
Mathematics
QA1-939
spellingShingle initial fluctuation
heavy-ion collision
transport model
nuclear symmetry energy
Mathematics
QA1-939
Yongjia Wang
Zepeng Gao
Qingfeng Li
Quantifying the Effect of Initial Fluctuations on Isospin-Sensitive Observables from Heavy-Ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies
description Initial fluctuation is one of the ingredients that washes fingerprints of the nuclear symmetry energy on observables in heavy-ion collisions. By artificially using the same initial nuclei in all collision events, the effect of the initial fluctuation on isospin-sensitive observables, e.g., the yield ratio of free neutrons with respect to protons <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>H/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>He yield ratio, the yield ratio between charged pions <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and the elliptic flow ratio or difference between free neutrons and protons <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>p</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>p</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula>), are studied within the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) model. In practice, Au + Au collisions with impact parameter <i>b</i> = 5 fm and beam energy <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>lab</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> = 400 MeV/nucleon are calculated. It is found that the effect of the initialization on the yields of free protons and neutrons is small, while for the yield of pions, the directed and elliptic flows are found to be apparently influenced by the choice of initialization because of the strong memory effects. Regarding the isospin-sensitive observables, the effect of the initialization on <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>H/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>He is negligible, while <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>p</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>p</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula>) display a distinct difference among different initializations. The fingerprints of symmetry energy on <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>p</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula> can be either enhanced or reduced when different initializations are utilized.
format article
author Yongjia Wang
Zepeng Gao
Qingfeng Li
author_facet Yongjia Wang
Zepeng Gao
Qingfeng Li
author_sort Yongjia Wang
title Quantifying the Effect of Initial Fluctuations on Isospin-Sensitive Observables from Heavy-Ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies
title_short Quantifying the Effect of Initial Fluctuations on Isospin-Sensitive Observables from Heavy-Ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies
title_full Quantifying the Effect of Initial Fluctuations on Isospin-Sensitive Observables from Heavy-Ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies
title_fullStr Quantifying the Effect of Initial Fluctuations on Isospin-Sensitive Observables from Heavy-Ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies
title_full_unstemmed Quantifying the Effect of Initial Fluctuations on Isospin-Sensitive Observables from Heavy-Ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies
title_sort quantifying the effect of initial fluctuations on isospin-sensitive observables from heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies
publisher MDPI AG
publishDate 2021
url https://doaj.org/article/6d80a4083bb648fcbc5d30f6c9dd87f8
work_keys_str_mv AT yongjiawang quantifyingtheeffectofinitialfluctuationsonisospinsensitiveobservablesfromheavyioncollisionsatintermediateenergies
AT zepenggao quantifyingtheeffectofinitialfluctuationsonisospinsensitiveobservablesfromheavyioncollisionsatintermediateenergies
AT qingfengli quantifyingtheeffectofinitialfluctuationsonisospinsensitiveobservablesfromheavyioncollisionsatintermediateenergies
_version_ 1718410283551031296
spelling oai:doaj.org-article:6d80a4083bb648fcbc5d30f6c9dd87f82021-11-25T19:07:19ZQuantifying the Effect of Initial Fluctuations on Isospin-Sensitive Observables from Heavy-Ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies10.3390/sym131121722073-8994https://doaj.org/article/6d80a4083bb648fcbc5d30f6c9dd87f82021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/11/2172https://doaj.org/toc/2073-8994Initial fluctuation is one of the ingredients that washes fingerprints of the nuclear symmetry energy on observables in heavy-ion collisions. By artificially using the same initial nuclei in all collision events, the effect of the initial fluctuation on isospin-sensitive observables, e.g., the yield ratio of free neutrons with respect to protons <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>H/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>He yield ratio, the yield ratio between charged pions <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and the elliptic flow ratio or difference between free neutrons and protons <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>p</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>p</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula>), are studied within the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) model. In practice, Au + Au collisions with impact parameter <i>b</i> = 5 fm and beam energy <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>lab</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> = 400 MeV/nucleon are calculated. It is found that the effect of the initialization on the yields of free protons and neutrons is small, while for the yield of pions, the directed and elliptic flows are found to be apparently influenced by the choice of initialization because of the strong memory effects. Regarding the isospin-sensitive observables, the effect of the initialization on <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>H/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>He is negligible, while <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>p</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>p</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula>) display a distinct difference among different initializations. The fingerprints of symmetry energy on <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>v</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mi>p</mi></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula> can be either enhanced or reduced when different initializations are utilized.Yongjia WangZepeng GaoQingfeng LiMDPI AGarticleinitial fluctuationheavy-ion collisiontransport modelnuclear symmetry energyMathematicsQA1-939ENSymmetry, Vol 13, Iss 2172, p 2172 (2021)

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