Proteome Analysis of Whole-Body Responses in Medaka Experimentally Exposed to Fish-Killing Dinoflagellate <i>Karenia mikimotoi</i>

<i>Karenia mikimotoi</i> is a well-known harmful algal bloom species. Blooms of this dinoflagellate have become a serious threat to marine life, including fish, shellfish, and zooplanktons and are usually associated with massive fish death. Despite the discovery of several toxins such as...

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Autores principales:	Celia Sze-Nga Kwok, Kaze King-Yip Lai, Winnie Lam, Steven Jing-Liang Xu, Sai-Wo Lam, Fred Wang-Fat Lee
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	fish proteome harmful algal bloom ichthyotoxicity <i>Karenia mikimotoi</i> proteomics two-dimensional gel electrophoresis Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6dc2d06cbb394f5f8c5599e3196e59e6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6dc2d06cbb394f5f8c5599e3196e59e62021-11-11T17:06:20ZProteome Analysis of Whole-Body Responses in Medaka Experimentally Exposed to Fish-Killing Dinoflagellate <i>Karenia mikimotoi</i>10.3390/ijms2221116251422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/6dc2d06cbb394f5f8c5599e3196e59e62021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11625https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067<i>Karenia mikimotoi</i> is a well-known harmful algal bloom species. Blooms of this dinoflagellate have become a serious threat to marine life, including fish, shellfish, and zooplanktons and are usually associated with massive fish death. Despite the discovery of several toxins such as gymnocins and gymnodimines in <i>K. mikimotoi</i>, the mechanisms underlying the ichthyotoxicity of this species remain unclear, and molecular studies on this topic have never been reported. The present study investigates the fish-killing mechanisms of <i>K. mikimotoi</i> through comparative proteomic analysis. Marine medaka, a model fish organism, was exposed to <i>K. mikimotoi</i> for a three-part time period (LT<sub>25</sub>, LT<sub>50</sub> and LT<sub>90</sub>). Proteins extracted from the whole fish were separated by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and differentially expressed proteins were identified with reference to an untreated control. The change in fish proteomes over the time-course of exposure were analyzed. A total of 35 differential protein spots covering 19 different proteins were identified, of which most began to show significant change in expression levels at the earliest stage of intoxication. Among the 19 identified proteins, some are closely related to the oxidative stress responses, energy metabolism, and muscle contraction. We propose that oxidative stress-mediated muscle damage might explain the symptoms developed during the ichthyotoxicity test, such as gasping for breath, loss of balance, and body twitching. Our findings lay the foundations for more in-depth studies of the mechanisms of <i>K. mikimotoi</i>’s ichthyotoxicity.Celia Sze-Nga KwokKaze King-Yip LaiWinnie LamSteven Jing-Liang XuSai-Wo LamFred Wang-Fat LeeMDPI AGarticlefish proteomeharmful algal bloomichthyotoxicity<i>Karenia mikimotoi</i>proteomicstwo-dimensional gel electrophoresisBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 11625, p 11625 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	fish proteome harmful algal bloom ichthyotoxicity <i>Karenia mikimotoi</i> proteomics two-dimensional gel electrophoresis Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	fish proteome harmful algal bloom ichthyotoxicity <i>Karenia mikimotoi</i> proteomics two-dimensional gel electrophoresis Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Celia Sze-Nga Kwok Kaze King-Yip Lai Winnie Lam Steven Jing-Liang Xu Sai-Wo Lam Fred Wang-Fat Lee Proteome Analysis of Whole-Body Responses in Medaka Experimentally Exposed to Fish-Killing Dinoflagellate <i>Karenia mikimotoi</i>
description	<i>Karenia mikimotoi</i> is a well-known harmful algal bloom species. Blooms of this dinoflagellate have become a serious threat to marine life, including fish, shellfish, and zooplanktons and are usually associated with massive fish death. Despite the discovery of several toxins such as gymnocins and gymnodimines in <i>K. mikimotoi</i>, the mechanisms underlying the ichthyotoxicity of this species remain unclear, and molecular studies on this topic have never been reported. The present study investigates the fish-killing mechanisms of <i>K. mikimotoi</i> through comparative proteomic analysis. Marine medaka, a model fish organism, was exposed to <i>K. mikimotoi</i> for a three-part time period (LT<sub>25</sub>, LT<sub>50</sub> and LT<sub>90</sub>). Proteins extracted from the whole fish were separated by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and differentially expressed proteins were identified with reference to an untreated control. The change in fish proteomes over the time-course of exposure were analyzed. A total of 35 differential protein spots covering 19 different proteins were identified, of which most began to show significant change in expression levels at the earliest stage of intoxication. Among the 19 identified proteins, some are closely related to the oxidative stress responses, energy metabolism, and muscle contraction. We propose that oxidative stress-mediated muscle damage might explain the symptoms developed during the ichthyotoxicity test, such as gasping for breath, loss of balance, and body twitching. Our findings lay the foundations for more in-depth studies of the mechanisms of <i>K. mikimotoi</i>’s ichthyotoxicity.
format	article
author	Celia Sze-Nga Kwok Kaze King-Yip Lai Winnie Lam Steven Jing-Liang Xu Sai-Wo Lam Fred Wang-Fat Lee
author_facet	Celia Sze-Nga Kwok Kaze King-Yip Lai Winnie Lam Steven Jing-Liang Xu Sai-Wo Lam Fred Wang-Fat Lee
author_sort	Celia Sze-Nga Kwok
title	Proteome Analysis of Whole-Body Responses in Medaka Experimentally Exposed to Fish-Killing Dinoflagellate <i>Karenia mikimotoi</i>
title_short	Proteome Analysis of Whole-Body Responses in Medaka Experimentally Exposed to Fish-Killing Dinoflagellate <i>Karenia mikimotoi</i>
title_full	Proteome Analysis of Whole-Body Responses in Medaka Experimentally Exposed to Fish-Killing Dinoflagellate <i>Karenia mikimotoi</i>
title_fullStr	Proteome Analysis of Whole-Body Responses in Medaka Experimentally Exposed to Fish-Killing Dinoflagellate <i>Karenia mikimotoi</i>
title_full_unstemmed	Proteome Analysis of Whole-Body Responses in Medaka Experimentally Exposed to Fish-Killing Dinoflagellate <i>Karenia mikimotoi</i>
title_sort	proteome analysis of whole-body responses in medaka experimentally exposed to fish-killing dinoflagellate <i>karenia mikimotoi</i>
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6dc2d06cbb394f5f8c5599e3196e59e6
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Proteome Analysis of Whole-Body Responses in Medaka Experimentally Exposed to Fish-Killing Dinoflagellate <i>Karenia mikimotoi</i>

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