Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene

Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene

Rwei-Fen S Huang,1,2,* Yi-Jun Wei,1,2,* Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj,3 Bing-Huei Chen1,3,4 1Graduate Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, 2Department of Nutritional Science, 3Department of Food Science, 4Graduate Institute of Medicine, Fu Jen University, Taipei, Taiwan *These authors con...

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Autores principales: Huang RFS, Wei YJ, Inbaraj BS, Chen BH
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Publicado: Dove Medical Press 2015
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Medicine (General)
R5-920
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:6e2cfd840fbe44c5855423dcb8d8ab5d2021-12-02T00:31:16ZInhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene1178-2013https://doaj.org/article/6e2cfd840fbe44c5855423dcb8d8ab5d2015-04-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.dovepress.com/inhibition-of-colon-cancer-cell-growth-by-nanoemulsion-carrying-gold-n-peer-reviewed-article-IJNhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013 Rwei-Fen S Huang,1,2,* Yi-Jun Wei,1,2,* Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj,3 Bing-Huei Chen1,3,4 1Graduate Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, 2Department of Nutritional Science, 3Department of Food Science, 4Graduate Institute of Medicine, Fu Jen University, Taipei, Taiwan *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: Lycopene (LP), an important functional compound in tomatoes, and gold nanoparticles (AN), have received considerable attention as potential candidates for cancer therapy. However, the extreme instability and poor bioavailability of LP limits its in vivo application. This study intends to develop a nanoemulsion system incorporating both LP and AN, and to study the possible synergistic effects on the inhibition of the HT-29 colon cancer cell line. LP–nanogold nanoemulsion containing Tween 80 as an emulsifier was prepared, followed by characterization using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and zeta potential analysis. The particle size as determined by TEM and DLS was 21.3±3.7 nm and 25.0±4.2 nm for nanoemulsion and 4.7±1.1 nm and 3.3±0.6 nm for AN, while the zeta potential of nanoemulsion and AN was -32.2±1.8 mV and -48.5±2.7 mV, respectively. Compared with the control treatment, both the combo (AN 10 ppm plus LP 12 µM) and nanoemulsion (AN 0.16 ppm plus LP 0.4 µM) treatments resulted in a five- and 15-fold rise in early apoptotic cells of HT-29, respectively. Also, the nanoemulsion significantly reduced the expressions of procaspases 8, 3, and 9, as well as PARP-1 and Bcl-2, while Bax expression was enhanced. A fivefold decline in the migration capability of HT-29 cells was observed for this nanoemulsion when compared to control, with the invasion-associated markers being significantly reversed through the upregulation of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and downregulation of Akt, nuclear factor kappa B, pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and active MMP-9 expressions. The TEM images revealed that numerous nanoemulsion-filled vacuoles invaded cytosol and converged into the mitochondria, resulting in an abnormally elongated morphology with reduced cristae and matrix contents, demonstrating a possible passive targeting effect. The nanoemulsion containing vacuoles were engulfed and internalized by the nuclear membrane envelop for subsequent invasion into the nucleoli. Taken together, LP–nanogold nanoemulsion could provide synergistic effects at AN and LP doses 250 and 120 times lower than that in the combo treatment, respectively, demonstrating the potential of nanoemulsion developed in this study for a possible application in colon cancer therapy. Keywords: gold–lycopene nanoemulsion, apoptosis, migration, invasion, colon cancer cell HT-29, passive targeting Huang RFSWei YJInbaraj BSChen BHDove Medical PressarticleMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol 2015, Iss default, Pp 2823-2846 (2015)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic Medicine (General)
R5-920
spellingShingle Medicine (General)
R5-920
Huang RFS
Wei YJ
Inbaraj BS
Chen BH
Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene
description Rwei-Fen S Huang,1,2,* Yi-Jun Wei,1,2,* Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj,3 Bing-Huei Chen1,3,4 1Graduate Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, 2Department of Nutritional Science, 3Department of Food Science, 4Graduate Institute of Medicine, Fu Jen University, Taipei, Taiwan *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: Lycopene (LP), an important functional compound in tomatoes, and gold nanoparticles (AN), have received considerable attention as potential candidates for cancer therapy. However, the extreme instability and poor bioavailability of LP limits its in vivo application. This study intends to develop a nanoemulsion system incorporating both LP and AN, and to study the possible synergistic effects on the inhibition of the HT-29 colon cancer cell line. LP–nanogold nanoemulsion containing Tween 80 as an emulsifier was prepared, followed by characterization using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and zeta potential analysis. The particle size as determined by TEM and DLS was 21.3±3.7 nm and 25.0±4.2 nm for nanoemulsion and 4.7±1.1 nm and 3.3±0.6 nm for AN, while the zeta potential of nanoemulsion and AN was -32.2±1.8 mV and -48.5±2.7 mV, respectively. Compared with the control treatment, both the combo (AN 10 ppm plus LP 12 µM) and nanoemulsion (AN 0.16 ppm plus LP 0.4 µM) treatments resulted in a five- and 15-fold rise in early apoptotic cells of HT-29, respectively. Also, the nanoemulsion significantly reduced the expressions of procaspases 8, 3, and 9, as well as PARP-1 and Bcl-2, while Bax expression was enhanced. A fivefold decline in the migration capability of HT-29 cells was observed for this nanoemulsion when compared to control, with the invasion-associated markers being significantly reversed through the upregulation of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and downregulation of Akt, nuclear factor kappa B, pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and active MMP-9 expressions. The TEM images revealed that numerous nanoemulsion-filled vacuoles invaded cytosol and converged into the mitochondria, resulting in an abnormally elongated morphology with reduced cristae and matrix contents, demonstrating a possible passive targeting effect. The nanoemulsion containing vacuoles were engulfed and internalized by the nuclear membrane envelop for subsequent invasion into the nucleoli. Taken together, LP–nanogold nanoemulsion could provide synergistic effects at AN and LP doses 250 and 120 times lower than that in the combo treatment, respectively, demonstrating the potential of nanoemulsion developed in this study for a possible application in colon cancer therapy. Keywords: gold–lycopene nanoemulsion, apoptosis, migration, invasion, colon cancer cell HT-29, passive targeting 
format article
author Huang RFS
Wei YJ
Inbaraj BS
Chen BH
author_facet Huang RFS
Wei YJ
Inbaraj BS
Chen BH
author_sort Huang RFS
title Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene
title_short Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene
title_full Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene
title_fullStr Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene
title_full_unstemmed Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene
title_sort inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene
publisher Dove Medical Press
publishDate 2015
url https://doaj.org/article/6e2cfd840fbe44c5855423dcb8d8ab5d
work_keys_str_mv AT huangrfs inhibitionofcoloncancercellgrowthbynanoemulsioncarryinggoldnanoparticlesandnbsplycopene
AT weiyj inhibitionofcoloncancercellgrowthbynanoemulsioncarryinggoldnanoparticlesandnbsplycopene
AT inbarajbs inhibitionofcoloncancercellgrowthbynanoemulsioncarryinggoldnanoparticlesandnbsplycopene
AT chenbh inhibitionofcoloncancercellgrowthbynanoemulsioncarryinggoldnanoparticlesandnbsplycopene
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