Consequences of Both Coxsackievirus B4 and Type 1 Diabetes on Female Non-Obese Diabetic Mouse Kidneys

Despite the 2019 Executive Order on Advancing American Kidney Health Initiative, kidney disease has moved up in rank from the 9th to the 8th leading cause of death in the United States. A recent push in the field of nephrology has been to identify molecular markers and/or molecular profiles involved...

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Autores principales:	Debra L. Walter, Jean R. Thuma, Ramiro Malgor, Frank L. Schwartz, Kelly D. McCall, Karen T. Coschigano
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	kidney injury profiling coxsackievirus and type 1 diabetes risk factors for kidney disease Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6e94f8d413a848c5830c3782b370c140
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6e94f8d413a848c5830c3782b370c1402021-11-25T18:25:23ZConsequences of Both Coxsackievirus B4 and Type 1 Diabetes on Female Non-Obese Diabetic Mouse Kidneys10.3390/microorganisms91123572076-2607https://doaj.org/article/6e94f8d413a848c5830c3782b370c1402021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/11/2357https://doaj.org/toc/2076-2607Despite the 2019 Executive Order on Advancing American Kidney Health Initiative, kidney disease has moved up in rank from the 9th to the 8th leading cause of death in the United States. A recent push in the field of nephrology has been to identify molecular markers and/or molecular profiles involved in kidney disease process or injury that can help identify the cause of injury and predict patient outcomes. While these studies have had moderate success, they have not yet considered that many of the health conditions that cause kidney disease (diabetes, hypertension, etc.) can also be caused by environmental factors (such as viruses), which in and of themselves can cause kidney disease. Thus, the goal of this study was to identify molecular and phenotypic profiles that can differentiate kidney injury caused by diabetes (a health condition resulting in kidney disease) and coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) exposure (which can cause diabetes and/or kidney disease), both alone and together. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were used for this study due to their susceptibility to both type 1 diabetes (T1D)- and CVB4-mediated kidney injury, in order to glean a better understanding of how hyperglycemia and viral exposure, when occurring on their own and in combination, may alter the kidneys’ molecular and phenotypic profiles. While no changes in kidney function were observed, molecular biomarkers of kidney injury were significantly up- and downregulated based on T1D and CVB4 exposure, both alone and together, but not in a predictable pattern. By combining individual biomarkers with function and phenotypic measurements (i.e., urinary albumin creatinine ratio, serum creatinine, kidney weight, and body weight), we were able to perform an unbiased separation of injury group based on the type of injury. This study provides evidence that unique kidney injury profiles within a kidney disease health condition are identifiable, and will help us to identify the causes of kidney injury in the future.Debra L. WalterJean R. ThumaRamiro MalgorFrank L. SchwartzKelly D. McCallKaren T. CoschiganoMDPI AGarticlekidney injury profilingcoxsackievirus and type 1 diabetesrisk factors for kidney diseaseBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENMicroorganisms, Vol 9, Iss 2357, p 2357 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	kidney injury profiling coxsackievirus and type 1 diabetes risk factors for kidney disease Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	kidney injury profiling coxsackievirus and type 1 diabetes risk factors for kidney disease Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Debra L. Walter Jean R. Thuma Ramiro Malgor Frank L. Schwartz Kelly D. McCall Karen T. Coschigano Consequences of Both Coxsackievirus B4 and Type 1 Diabetes on Female Non-Obese Diabetic Mouse Kidneys
description	Despite the 2019 Executive Order on Advancing American Kidney Health Initiative, kidney disease has moved up in rank from the 9th to the 8th leading cause of death in the United States. A recent push in the field of nephrology has been to identify molecular markers and/or molecular profiles involved in kidney disease process or injury that can help identify the cause of injury and predict patient outcomes. While these studies have had moderate success, they have not yet considered that many of the health conditions that cause kidney disease (diabetes, hypertension, etc.) can also be caused by environmental factors (such as viruses), which in and of themselves can cause kidney disease. Thus, the goal of this study was to identify molecular and phenotypic profiles that can differentiate kidney injury caused by diabetes (a health condition resulting in kidney disease) and coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) exposure (which can cause diabetes and/or kidney disease), both alone and together. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were used for this study due to their susceptibility to both type 1 diabetes (T1D)- and CVB4-mediated kidney injury, in order to glean a better understanding of how hyperglycemia and viral exposure, when occurring on their own and in combination, may alter the kidneys’ molecular and phenotypic profiles. While no changes in kidney function were observed, molecular biomarkers of kidney injury were significantly up- and downregulated based on T1D and CVB4 exposure, both alone and together, but not in a predictable pattern. By combining individual biomarkers with function and phenotypic measurements (i.e., urinary albumin creatinine ratio, serum creatinine, kidney weight, and body weight), we were able to perform an unbiased separation of injury group based on the type of injury. This study provides evidence that unique kidney injury profiles within a kidney disease health condition are identifiable, and will help us to identify the causes of kidney injury in the future.
format	article
author	Debra L. Walter Jean R. Thuma Ramiro Malgor Frank L. Schwartz Kelly D. McCall Karen T. Coschigano
author_facet	Debra L. Walter Jean R. Thuma Ramiro Malgor Frank L. Schwartz Kelly D. McCall Karen T. Coschigano
author_sort	Debra L. Walter
title	Consequences of Both Coxsackievirus B4 and Type 1 Diabetes on Female Non-Obese Diabetic Mouse Kidneys
title_short	Consequences of Both Coxsackievirus B4 and Type 1 Diabetes on Female Non-Obese Diabetic Mouse Kidneys
title_full	Consequences of Both Coxsackievirus B4 and Type 1 Diabetes on Female Non-Obese Diabetic Mouse Kidneys
title_fullStr	Consequences of Both Coxsackievirus B4 and Type 1 Diabetes on Female Non-Obese Diabetic Mouse Kidneys
title_full_unstemmed	Consequences of Both Coxsackievirus B4 and Type 1 Diabetes on Female Non-Obese Diabetic Mouse Kidneys
title_sort	consequences of both coxsackievirus b4 and type 1 diabetes on female non-obese diabetic mouse kidneys
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6e94f8d413a848c5830c3782b370c140
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Consequences of Both Coxsackievirus B4 and Type 1 Diabetes on Female Non-Obese Diabetic Mouse Kidneys

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