Negative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population

To date, most of the evidence suggests that smoking is negatively associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. However, evidence has several methodological limitations. Using an outpatient sample population, we analyzed the association of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and smoking considering c...

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Autores principales:	Juan R. Vallarta-Robledo, José Luis Sandoval, Stéphanie Baggio, Julien Salamun, Frédérique Jacquérioz, Hervé Spechbach, Idris Guessous
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 outpatient testing smoking public health Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6ebd5010fca046c1b6d8294bbc702919
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6ebd5010fca046c1b6d8294bbc7029192021-11-05T05:54:53ZNegative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population2296-256510.3389/fpubh.2021.731981https://doaj.org/article/6ebd5010fca046c1b6d8294bbc7029192021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.731981/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-2565To date, most of the evidence suggests that smoking is negatively associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. However, evidence has several methodological limitations. Using an outpatient sample population, we analyzed the association of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and smoking considering comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors. Baseline data were obtained from a cohort during the first wave of the pandemic in Geneva, Switzerland (March-April 2020). RT-PCR tests were carried out on individuals suspected of having SARS-CoV-2 according to the testing strategy at that time. Logistic regressions were performed to test the association of smoking and testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and further adjusted for comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors. The sample included 5,169 participants; 60% were women and the mean age was 41 years. The unadjusted OR for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 was 0.46 (CI: 0.38–0.54). After adjustment for comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors, smoking was still negatively associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 (OR: 0.44; CI: 0.35–0.77). Women (OR: 0.79; CI: 0.69–0.91), higher postal income (OR: 0.97; CI: 0.95–0.99), having respiratory (OR: 0.68; CI: 0.55–0.84) and immunosuppressive disorders (OR: 0.63; CI: 0.44–0.88) also showed independent negative associations with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2. Smoking was negatively associated with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 independently of comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors. Since having respiratory or immunosuppressive conditions and being females and healthcare workers were similarly negatively associated with SARS-CoV-2 positive testing, we hypothesize that risk factor-related protective or testing behaviors could have induced a negative association with SARS-CoV-2.Juan R. Vallarta-RobledoJuan R. Vallarta-RobledoJosé Luis SandovalJosé Luis SandovalStéphanie BaggioStéphanie BaggioJulien SalamunFrédérique JacquériozHervé SpechbachIdris GuessousIdris GuessousFrontiers Media S.A.articleSARS-CoV-2COVID-19outpatient testingsmokingpublic healthPublic aspects of medicineRA1-1270ENFrontiers in Public Health, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 outpatient testing smoking public health Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
spellingShingle	SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 outpatient testing smoking public health Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Juan R. Vallarta-Robledo Juan R. Vallarta-Robledo José Luis Sandoval José Luis Sandoval Stéphanie Baggio Stéphanie Baggio Julien Salamun Frédérique Jacquérioz Hervé Spechbach Idris Guessous Idris Guessous Negative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population
description	To date, most of the evidence suggests that smoking is negatively associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. However, evidence has several methodological limitations. Using an outpatient sample population, we analyzed the association of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and smoking considering comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors. Baseline data were obtained from a cohort during the first wave of the pandemic in Geneva, Switzerland (March-April 2020). RT-PCR tests were carried out on individuals suspected of having SARS-CoV-2 according to the testing strategy at that time. Logistic regressions were performed to test the association of smoking and testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and further adjusted for comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors. The sample included 5,169 participants; 60% were women and the mean age was 41 years. The unadjusted OR for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 was 0.46 (CI: 0.38–0.54). After adjustment for comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors, smoking was still negatively associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 (OR: 0.44; CI: 0.35–0.77). Women (OR: 0.79; CI: 0.69–0.91), higher postal income (OR: 0.97; CI: 0.95–0.99), having respiratory (OR: 0.68; CI: 0.55–0.84) and immunosuppressive disorders (OR: 0.63; CI: 0.44–0.88) also showed independent negative associations with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2. Smoking was negatively associated with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 independently of comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors. Since having respiratory or immunosuppressive conditions and being females and healthcare workers were similarly negatively associated with SARS-CoV-2 positive testing, we hypothesize that risk factor-related protective or testing behaviors could have induced a negative association with SARS-CoV-2.
format	article
author	Juan R. Vallarta-Robledo Juan R. Vallarta-Robledo José Luis Sandoval José Luis Sandoval Stéphanie Baggio Stéphanie Baggio Julien Salamun Frédérique Jacquérioz Hervé Spechbach Idris Guessous Idris Guessous
author_facet	Juan R. Vallarta-Robledo Juan R. Vallarta-Robledo José Luis Sandoval José Luis Sandoval Stéphanie Baggio Stéphanie Baggio Julien Salamun Frédérique Jacquérioz Hervé Spechbach Idris Guessous Idris Guessous
author_sort	Juan R. Vallarta-Robledo
title	Negative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population
title_short	Negative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population
title_full	Negative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population
title_fullStr	Negative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population
title_full_unstemmed	Negative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population
title_sort	negative association between smoking and positive sars-cov-2 testing: results from a swiss outpatient sample population
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6ebd5010fca046c1b6d8294bbc702919
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Negative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population

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