Cooling and Sterile Inflammation in an Oxygen-Glucose-Deprivation/Reperfusion Injury Model in BV-2 Microglia

Objective. Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP) has been shown to be involved not only in cooling-induced cellular protection but also as a mediator of sterile inflammation, a critical mechanism of the innate immune response in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The role of microglia and its a...

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Autores principales:	Jana Lücht, Nele Rolfs, Sylvia J. Wowro, Felix Berger, Katharina R. L. Schmitt, Giang Tong
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Hindawi Limited 2021
Materias:	Pathology RB1-214
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6f27a4bb33ed4dfe83080acb1a7df2b0
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:6f27a4bb33ed4dfe83080acb1a7df2b0
record_format	dspace
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Pathology RB1-214
spellingShingle	Pathology RB1-214 Jana Lücht Nele Rolfs Sylvia J. Wowro Felix Berger Katharina R. L. Schmitt Giang Tong Cooling and Sterile Inflammation in an Oxygen-Glucose-Deprivation/Reperfusion Injury Model in BV-2 Microglia
description	Objective. Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP) has been shown to be involved not only in cooling-induced cellular protection but also as a mediator of sterile inflammation, a critical mechanism of the innate immune response in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The role of microglia and its activation in cerebral I/R injury warrants further investigation as both detrimental and regenerative properties have been described. Therefore, we investigated the effects of cooling, specifically viability, activation, and release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) on oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion- (OGD/R-) induced injury in murine BV-2 microglial cells. Methods. Murine BV-2 microglial cells were exposed to 2 to 6 h OGD (0.2% O2 in glucose- and serum-free medium) followed by up to 19 h of reperfusion, simulated by restoration of oxygen (21% O2) and nutrients. Cells were maintained at either normothermia (37°C) or cooled to 33.5°C, 1 h after experimental start. Cultured supernatants were harvested after exposure to OGD for analysis of DAMP secretions, including high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and CIRBP, and cytotoxicity was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase releases after exposure to OGD and reperfusion. Intracellular cold-shock proteins CIRBP and RNA-binding motif 3 (RBM3) as well as caspases 9, 8, and 3 were also analyzed via Western blot analysis. Furthermore, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), CIRBP, and RBM3 gene expressions were assessed via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β releases into the cultured supernatants were assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results. Prolonged exposure to OGD resulted in increased BV-2 necrotic cell death, which was attenuated by cooling. Cooling also significantly induced cold-shock proteins CIRBP and RBM3 gene expressions, with CIRBP expression more rapidly regulated than RBM3 and translatable to significantly increased protein expression. DAMPs including HMGB-1, HSP70, and CIRBP could be detected in cultured supernatants after 6 h of OGD with CIRBP release being significantly attenuated by cooling. Exposure to OGD suppressed cytokine gene expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, and TGFβ independently of temperature management, whereas cooling led to a significant increase in IL-1α gene expression after 6 h of OGD. In the reperfusion phase, TNF-α and MCP-1 gene expressions were increased, and cooling was associated with significantly lower TGFβ gene expression. Interestingly, cooled Normoxia groups had significant upregulations of microglial activation marker, Iba1, IL-1β, and TNF-α gene expressions. Conclusion. BV-2 microglial cells undergo necrotic cell death resulting in DAMP release due to OGD/R-induced injury. Cooling conveyed neuroprotection in OGD/R-injury as observable in increased cell viability as well as induced gene expressions of cold shock proteins. As cooling alone resulted in both upregulation of microglial activation, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and cold shock protein transcript and protein expression, temperature management might have ambiguous effects in sterile inflammation. However, cooling resulted in a significant decrease of extracellular CIRBP, which has recently been characterized as a novel DAMP and a potent initiator and mediator of inflammation.
format	article
author	Jana Lücht Nele Rolfs Sylvia J. Wowro Felix Berger Katharina R. L. Schmitt Giang Tong
author_facet	Jana Lücht Nele Rolfs Sylvia J. Wowro Felix Berger Katharina R. L. Schmitt Giang Tong
author_sort	Jana Lücht
title	Cooling and Sterile Inflammation in an Oxygen-Glucose-Deprivation/Reperfusion Injury Model in BV-2 Microglia
title_short	Cooling and Sterile Inflammation in an Oxygen-Glucose-Deprivation/Reperfusion Injury Model in BV-2 Microglia
title_full	Cooling and Sterile Inflammation in an Oxygen-Glucose-Deprivation/Reperfusion Injury Model in BV-2 Microglia
title_fullStr	Cooling and Sterile Inflammation in an Oxygen-Glucose-Deprivation/Reperfusion Injury Model in BV-2 Microglia
title_full_unstemmed	Cooling and Sterile Inflammation in an Oxygen-Glucose-Deprivation/Reperfusion Injury Model in BV-2 Microglia
title_sort	cooling and sterile inflammation in an oxygen-glucose-deprivation/reperfusion injury model in bv-2 microglia
publisher	Hindawi Limited
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6f27a4bb33ed4dfe83080acb1a7df2b0
work_keys_str_mv	AT janalucht coolingandsterileinflammationinanoxygenglucosedeprivationreperfusioninjurymodelinbv2microglia AT nelerolfs coolingandsterileinflammationinanoxygenglucosedeprivationreperfusioninjurymodelinbv2microglia AT sylviajwowro coolingandsterileinflammationinanoxygenglucosedeprivationreperfusioninjurymodelinbv2microglia AT felixberger coolingandsterileinflammationinanoxygenglucosedeprivationreperfusioninjurymodelinbv2microglia AT katharinarlschmitt coolingandsterileinflammationinanoxygenglucosedeprivationreperfusioninjurymodelinbv2microglia AT giangtong coolingandsterileinflammationinanoxygenglucosedeprivationreperfusioninjurymodelinbv2microglia
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6f27a4bb33ed4dfe83080acb1a7df2b02021-11-15T01:19:42ZCooling and Sterile Inflammation in an Oxygen-Glucose-Deprivation/Reperfusion Injury Model in BV-2 Microglia1466-186110.1155/2021/8906561https://doaj.org/article/6f27a4bb33ed4dfe83080acb1a7df2b02021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8906561https://doaj.org/toc/1466-1861Objective. Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP) has been shown to be involved not only in cooling-induced cellular protection but also as a mediator of sterile inflammation, a critical mechanism of the innate immune response in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The role of microglia and its activation in cerebral I/R injury warrants further investigation as both detrimental and regenerative properties have been described. Therefore, we investigated the effects of cooling, specifically viability, activation, and release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) on oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion- (OGD/R-) induced injury in murine BV-2 microglial cells. Methods. Murine BV-2 microglial cells were exposed to 2 to 6 h OGD (0.2% O2 in glucose- and serum-free medium) followed by up to 19 h of reperfusion, simulated by restoration of oxygen (21% O2) and nutrients. Cells were maintained at either normothermia (37°C) or cooled to 33.5°C, 1 h after experimental start. Cultured supernatants were harvested after exposure to OGD for analysis of DAMP secretions, including high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and CIRBP, and cytotoxicity was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase releases after exposure to OGD and reperfusion. Intracellular cold-shock proteins CIRBP and RNA-binding motif 3 (RBM3) as well as caspases 9, 8, and 3 were also analyzed via Western blot analysis. Furthermore, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), CIRBP, and RBM3 gene expressions were assessed via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β releases into the cultured supernatants were assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results. Prolonged exposure to OGD resulted in increased BV-2 necrotic cell death, which was attenuated by cooling. Cooling also significantly induced cold-shock proteins CIRBP and RBM3 gene expressions, with CIRBP expression more rapidly regulated than RBM3 and translatable to significantly increased protein expression. DAMPs including HMGB-1, HSP70, and CIRBP could be detected in cultured supernatants after 6 h of OGD with CIRBP release being significantly attenuated by cooling. Exposure to OGD suppressed cytokine gene expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, and TGFβ independently of temperature management, whereas cooling led to a significant increase in IL-1α gene expression after 6 h of OGD. In the reperfusion phase, TNF-α and MCP-1 gene expressions were increased, and cooling was associated with significantly lower TGFβ gene expression. Interestingly, cooled Normoxia groups had significant upregulations of microglial activation marker, Iba1, IL-1β, and TNF-α gene expressions. Conclusion. BV-2 microglial cells undergo necrotic cell death resulting in DAMP release due to OGD/R-induced injury. Cooling conveyed neuroprotection in OGD/R-injury as observable in increased cell viability as well as induced gene expressions of cold shock proteins. As cooling alone resulted in both upregulation of microglial activation, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and cold shock protein transcript and protein expression, temperature management might have ambiguous effects in sterile inflammation. However, cooling resulted in a significant decrease of extracellular CIRBP, which has recently been characterized as a novel DAMP and a potent initiator and mediator of inflammation.Jana LüchtNele RolfsSylvia J. WowroFelix BergerKatharina R. L. SchmittGiang TongHindawi LimitedarticlePathologyRB1-214ENMediators of Inflammation, Vol 2021 (2021)

Cooling and Sterile Inflammation in an Oxygen-Glucose-Deprivation/Reperfusion Injury Model in BV-2 Microglia

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