Controlled Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin from Water-Soluble Polypyrrole Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study

The iontophoresis delivery of insulin (INS) remains a serious challenge due to the low permeability of the drug through the skin. This work aims to investigate the potential of water-soluble polypyrrole nanoparticles (WS-PPyNPs) as a drug donor matrix for controlled transdermal iontophoresis of INS....

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Autores principales:	Kamran Tari, Soroush Khamoushian, Tayyebeh Madrakian, Abbas Afkhami, Marek Jan Łos, Arash Ghoorchian, Mohammad Reza Samarghandi, Saeid Ghavami
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	transdermal iontophoresis insulin water soluble polypyrrole anodal iontophoresis cathodal iontophoresis Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6f3561134af2493ca99f517be483678f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6f3561134af2493ca99f517be483678f2021-11-25T17:57:02ZControlled Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin from Water-Soluble Polypyrrole Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study10.3390/ijms2222124791422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/6f3561134af2493ca99f517be483678f2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12479https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067The iontophoresis delivery of insulin (INS) remains a serious challenge due to the low permeability of the drug through the skin. This work aims to investigate the potential of water-soluble polypyrrole nanoparticles (WS-PPyNPs) as a drug donor matrix for controlled transdermal iontophoresis of INS. WS-PPyNPs have been prepared via a simple chemical polymerization in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as both dopant and the stabilizing agent. The synthesis of the soluble polymer was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) spectroscopy. The loading mechanism of INS onto the WS-PPyNPs is based on the fact that the drug molecules can be replaced with doped dodecyl sulfate. A two-compartment Franz-type diffusion cell was employed to study the effect of current density, formulation pH, INS concentration, and sodium chloride concentration on anodal iontophoresis (AIP) and cathodal iontophoresis (CIP) of INS across the rat skin. Both AIP and CIP delivery of INS using WS-PPyNPs were significantly increased compared to passive delivery. Furthermore, while the AIP experiment (60 min at 0.13 mA cm<sup>–2</sup>) show low cumulative drug permeation for INS (about 20.48 µg cm<sup>−2</sup>); the CIP stimulation exhibited a cumulative drug permeation of 68.29 µg cm<sup>−2</sup>. This improvement is due to the separation of positively charged WS-PPyNPs and negatively charged INS that has occurred in the presence of cathodal stimulation. The obtained results confirm the potential applicability of WS-PPyNPs as an effective approach in the development of controlled transdermal iontophoresis of INS.Kamran TariSoroush KhamoushianTayyebeh MadrakianAbbas AfkhamiMarek Jan ŁosArash GhoorchianMohammad Reza SamarghandiSaeid GhavamiMDPI AGarticletransdermal iontophoresisinsulinwater soluble polypyrroleanodal iontophoresiscathodal iontophoresisBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 12479, p 12479 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	transdermal iontophoresis insulin water soluble polypyrrole anodal iontophoresis cathodal iontophoresis Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	transdermal iontophoresis insulin water soluble polypyrrole anodal iontophoresis cathodal iontophoresis Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Kamran Tari Soroush Khamoushian Tayyebeh Madrakian Abbas Afkhami Marek Jan Łos Arash Ghoorchian Mohammad Reza Samarghandi Saeid Ghavami Controlled Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin from Water-Soluble Polypyrrole Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study
description	The iontophoresis delivery of insulin (INS) remains a serious challenge due to the low permeability of the drug through the skin. This work aims to investigate the potential of water-soluble polypyrrole nanoparticles (WS-PPyNPs) as a drug donor matrix for controlled transdermal iontophoresis of INS. WS-PPyNPs have been prepared via a simple chemical polymerization in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as both dopant and the stabilizing agent. The synthesis of the soluble polymer was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) spectroscopy. The loading mechanism of INS onto the WS-PPyNPs is based on the fact that the drug molecules can be replaced with doped dodecyl sulfate. A two-compartment Franz-type diffusion cell was employed to study the effect of current density, formulation pH, INS concentration, and sodium chloride concentration on anodal iontophoresis (AIP) and cathodal iontophoresis (CIP) of INS across the rat skin. Both AIP and CIP delivery of INS using WS-PPyNPs were significantly increased compared to passive delivery. Furthermore, while the AIP experiment (60 min at 0.13 mA cm<sup>–2</sup>) show low cumulative drug permeation for INS (about 20.48 µg cm<sup>−2</sup>); the CIP stimulation exhibited a cumulative drug permeation of 68.29 µg cm<sup>−2</sup>. This improvement is due to the separation of positively charged WS-PPyNPs and negatively charged INS that has occurred in the presence of cathodal stimulation. The obtained results confirm the potential applicability of WS-PPyNPs as an effective approach in the development of controlled transdermal iontophoresis of INS.
format	article
author	Kamran Tari Soroush Khamoushian Tayyebeh Madrakian Abbas Afkhami Marek Jan Łos Arash Ghoorchian Mohammad Reza Samarghandi Saeid Ghavami
author_facet	Kamran Tari Soroush Khamoushian Tayyebeh Madrakian Abbas Afkhami Marek Jan Łos Arash Ghoorchian Mohammad Reza Samarghandi Saeid Ghavami
author_sort	Kamran Tari
title	Controlled Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin from Water-Soluble Polypyrrole Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study
title_short	Controlled Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin from Water-Soluble Polypyrrole Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study
title_full	Controlled Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin from Water-Soluble Polypyrrole Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study
title_fullStr	Controlled Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin from Water-Soluble Polypyrrole Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study
title_full_unstemmed	Controlled Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin from Water-Soluble Polypyrrole Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study
title_sort	controlled transdermal iontophoresis of insulin from water-soluble polypyrrole nanoparticles: an in vitro study
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6f3561134af2493ca99f517be483678f
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Controlled Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin from Water-Soluble Polypyrrole Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study

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