An Infant Mouse Model of Influenza Virus Transmission Demonstrates the Role of Virus-Specific Shedding, Humoral Immunity, and Sialidase Expression by Colonizing <named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content>

ABSTRACT The pandemic potential of influenza A viruses (IAV) depends on the infectivity of the host, transmissibility of the virus, and susceptibility of the recipient. While virus traits supporting IAV transmission have been studied in detail using ferret and guinea pig models, there is limited und...

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Autores principales:	Mila Brum Ortigoza, Simone B. Blaser, M. Ammar Zafar, Alexandria J. Hammond, Jeffrey N. Weiser
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2018
Materias:	animal models influenza transmission Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6f3a6c5a33cb48f6a42d34080b1185c3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6f3a6c5a33cb48f6a42d34080b1185c32021-11-15T15:52:19ZAn Infant Mouse Model of Influenza Virus Transmission Demonstrates the Role of Virus-Specific Shedding, Humoral Immunity, and Sialidase Expression by Colonizing <named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content>10.1128/mBio.02359-182150-7511https://doaj.org/article/6f3a6c5a33cb48f6a42d34080b1185c32018-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.02359-18https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT The pandemic potential of influenza A viruses (IAV) depends on the infectivity of the host, transmissibility of the virus, and susceptibility of the recipient. While virus traits supporting IAV transmission have been studied in detail using ferret and guinea pig models, there is limited understanding of host traits determining transmissibility and susceptibility because current animal models of transmission are not sufficiently tractable. Although mice remain the primary model to study IAV immunity and pathogenesis, the efficiency of IAV transmission in adult mice has been inconsistent. Here we describe an infant mouse model that supports efficient transmission of IAV. We demonstrate that transmission in this model requires young age, close contact, shedding of virus particles from the upper respiratory tract (URT) of infected pups, the use of a transmissible virus strain, and a susceptible recipient. We characterize shedding as a marker of infectiousness that predicts the efficiency of transmission among different influenza virus strains. We also demonstrate that transmissibility and susceptibility to IAV can be inhibited by humoral immunity via maternal-infant transfer of IAV-specific immunoglobulins and modifications to the URT milieu, via sialidase activity of colonizing Streptococcus pneumoniae. Due to its simplicity and efficiency, this model can be used to dissect the host’s contribution to IAV transmission and explore new methods to limit contagion. IMPORTANCE This study provides insight into the role of the virus strain, age, immunity, and URT flora on IAV shedding and transmission efficiency. Using the infant mouse model, we found that (i) differences in viral shedding of various IAV strains are dependent on specific hemagglutinin (HA) and/or neuraminidase (NA) proteins, (ii) host age plays a key role in the efficiency of IAV transmission, (iii) levels of IAV-specific immunoglobulins are necessary to limit infectiousness, transmission, and susceptibility to IAV, and (iv) expression of sialidases by colonizing S. pneumoniae antagonizes transmission by limiting the acquisition of IAV in recipient hosts. Our findings highlight the need for strategies that limit IAV shedding and the importance of understanding the function of the URT bacterial composition in IAV transmission. This work reinforces the significance of a tractable animal model to study both viral and host traits affecting IAV contagion and its potential for optimizing vaccines and therapeutics that target disease spread.Mila Brum OrtigozaSimone B. BlaserM. Ammar ZafarAlexandria J. HammondJeffrey N. WeiserAmerican Society for Microbiologyarticleanimal modelsinfluenzatransmissionMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 9, Iss 6 (2018)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	animal models influenza transmission Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	animal models influenza transmission Microbiology QR1-502 Mila Brum Ortigoza Simone B. Blaser M. Ammar Zafar Alexandria J. Hammond Jeffrey N. Weiser An Infant Mouse Model of Influenza Virus Transmission Demonstrates the Role of Virus-Specific Shedding, Humoral Immunity, and Sialidase Expression by Colonizing <named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content>
description	ABSTRACT The pandemic potential of influenza A viruses (IAV) depends on the infectivity of the host, transmissibility of the virus, and susceptibility of the recipient. While virus traits supporting IAV transmission have been studied in detail using ferret and guinea pig models, there is limited understanding of host traits determining transmissibility and susceptibility because current animal models of transmission are not sufficiently tractable. Although mice remain the primary model to study IAV immunity and pathogenesis, the efficiency of IAV transmission in adult mice has been inconsistent. Here we describe an infant mouse model that supports efficient transmission of IAV. We demonstrate that transmission in this model requires young age, close contact, shedding of virus particles from the upper respiratory tract (URT) of infected pups, the use of a transmissible virus strain, and a susceptible recipient. We characterize shedding as a marker of infectiousness that predicts the efficiency of transmission among different influenza virus strains. We also demonstrate that transmissibility and susceptibility to IAV can be inhibited by humoral immunity via maternal-infant transfer of IAV-specific immunoglobulins and modifications to the URT milieu, via sialidase activity of colonizing Streptococcus pneumoniae. Due to its simplicity and efficiency, this model can be used to dissect the host’s contribution to IAV transmission and explore new methods to limit contagion. IMPORTANCE This study provides insight into the role of the virus strain, age, immunity, and URT flora on IAV shedding and transmission efficiency. Using the infant mouse model, we found that (i) differences in viral shedding of various IAV strains are dependent on specific hemagglutinin (HA) and/or neuraminidase (NA) proteins, (ii) host age plays a key role in the efficiency of IAV transmission, (iii) levels of IAV-specific immunoglobulins are necessary to limit infectiousness, transmission, and susceptibility to IAV, and (iv) expression of sialidases by colonizing S. pneumoniae antagonizes transmission by limiting the acquisition of IAV in recipient hosts. Our findings highlight the need for strategies that limit IAV shedding and the importance of understanding the function of the URT bacterial composition in IAV transmission. This work reinforces the significance of a tractable animal model to study both viral and host traits affecting IAV contagion and its potential for optimizing vaccines and therapeutics that target disease spread.
format	article
author	Mila Brum Ortigoza Simone B. Blaser M. Ammar Zafar Alexandria J. Hammond Jeffrey N. Weiser
author_facet	Mila Brum Ortigoza Simone B. Blaser M. Ammar Zafar Alexandria J. Hammond Jeffrey N. Weiser
author_sort	Mila Brum Ortigoza
title	An Infant Mouse Model of Influenza Virus Transmission Demonstrates the Role of Virus-Specific Shedding, Humoral Immunity, and Sialidase Expression by Colonizing <named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content>
title_short	An Infant Mouse Model of Influenza Virus Transmission Demonstrates the Role of Virus-Specific Shedding, Humoral Immunity, and Sialidase Expression by Colonizing <named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content>
title_full	An Infant Mouse Model of Influenza Virus Transmission Demonstrates the Role of Virus-Specific Shedding, Humoral Immunity, and Sialidase Expression by Colonizing <named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content>
title_fullStr	An Infant Mouse Model of Influenza Virus Transmission Demonstrates the Role of Virus-Specific Shedding, Humoral Immunity, and Sialidase Expression by Colonizing <named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content>
title_full_unstemmed	An Infant Mouse Model of Influenza Virus Transmission Demonstrates the Role of Virus-Specific Shedding, Humoral Immunity, and Sialidase Expression by Colonizing <named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content>
title_sort	infant mouse model of influenza virus transmission demonstrates the role of virus-specific shedding, humoral immunity, and sialidase expression by colonizing <named-content content-type="genus-species">streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content>
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2018
url	https://doaj.org/article/6f3a6c5a33cb48f6a42d34080b1185c3
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An Infant Mouse Model of Influenza Virus Transmission Demonstrates the Role of Virus-Specific Shedding, Humoral Immunity, and Sialidase Expression by Colonizing <named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content>

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