An Insight into the Role of Postmortem Immunohistochemistry in the Comprehension of the Inflammatory Pathophysiology of COVID-19 Disease and Vaccine-Related Thrombotic Adverse Events: A Narrative Review

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic due to the spread of COVID-19 from Wuhan, China, causing high mortality rates all over the world. The related disease, which mainly affects the lungs, is responsible for the onset of Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD) and a hyperco...

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Autores principales:	Chiara Stassi, Cristina Mondello, Gennaro Baldino, Luigi Cardia, Alessio Asmundo, Elvira Ventura Spagnolo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology vaccine ChAdOx1 nCov-19 immunohistochemistry Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6f5ffd2a6d1748a1a3a887b1c4b18367
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6f5ffd2a6d1748a1a3a887b1c4b183672021-11-11T17:25:44ZAn Insight into the Role of Postmortem Immunohistochemistry in the Comprehension of the Inflammatory Pathophysiology of COVID-19 Disease and Vaccine-Related Thrombotic Adverse Events: A Narrative Review10.3390/ijms2221120241422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/6f5ffd2a6d1748a1a3a887b1c4b183672021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/12024https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic due to the spread of COVID-19 from Wuhan, China, causing high mortality rates all over the world. The related disease, which mainly affects the lungs, is responsible for the onset of Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD) and a hypercoagulability state, frequently leading to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and multiorgan failure, particularly in old and severe-critically ill patients. In order to find effective therapeutic strategies, many efforts have been made aiming to shed light on the pathophysiology of COVID-19 disease. Moreover, following the late advent of vaccination campaigns, the need for the comprehension of the pathophysiology of the fatal, although rare, thrombotic adverse events has become mandatory as well. The achievement of such purposes needs a multidisciplinary approach, depending on a correct interpretation of clinical, biochemical, biomolecular, and forensic findings. In this scenario, autopsies have helped in defining, on both gross and histologic examinations, the main changes to which the affected organs undergo and the role in assessing whether a patient is dead “from” or “with” COVID-19, not to mention whether the existence of a causal link exists between vaccination and thrombotic adverse events. In the present work, we explored the role of postmortem immunohistochemistry, and the increasingly used ancillary technique, in helping to understand the mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of both COVID-19 disease and COVID-19 vaccine-related adverse and rare effects.Chiara StassiCristina MondelloGennaro BaldinoLuigi CardiaAlessio AsmundoElvira Ventura SpagnoloMDPI AGarticleCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2pathophysiologyvaccineChAdOx1 nCov-19immunohistochemistryBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 12024, p 12024 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology vaccine ChAdOx1 nCov-19 immunohistochemistry Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology vaccine ChAdOx1 nCov-19 immunohistochemistry Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Chiara Stassi Cristina Mondello Gennaro Baldino Luigi Cardia Alessio Asmundo Elvira Ventura Spagnolo An Insight into the Role of Postmortem Immunohistochemistry in the Comprehension of the Inflammatory Pathophysiology of COVID-19 Disease and Vaccine-Related Thrombotic Adverse Events: A Narrative Review
description	On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic due to the spread of COVID-19 from Wuhan, China, causing high mortality rates all over the world. The related disease, which mainly affects the lungs, is responsible for the onset of Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD) and a hypercoagulability state, frequently leading to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and multiorgan failure, particularly in old and severe-critically ill patients. In order to find effective therapeutic strategies, many efforts have been made aiming to shed light on the pathophysiology of COVID-19 disease. Moreover, following the late advent of vaccination campaigns, the need for the comprehension of the pathophysiology of the fatal, although rare, thrombotic adverse events has become mandatory as well. The achievement of such purposes needs a multidisciplinary approach, depending on a correct interpretation of clinical, biochemical, biomolecular, and forensic findings. In this scenario, autopsies have helped in defining, on both gross and histologic examinations, the main changes to which the affected organs undergo and the role in assessing whether a patient is dead “from” or “with” COVID-19, not to mention whether the existence of a causal link exists between vaccination and thrombotic adverse events. In the present work, we explored the role of postmortem immunohistochemistry, and the increasingly used ancillary technique, in helping to understand the mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of both COVID-19 disease and COVID-19 vaccine-related adverse and rare effects.
format	article
author	Chiara Stassi Cristina Mondello Gennaro Baldino Luigi Cardia Alessio Asmundo Elvira Ventura Spagnolo
author_facet	Chiara Stassi Cristina Mondello Gennaro Baldino Luigi Cardia Alessio Asmundo Elvira Ventura Spagnolo
author_sort	Chiara Stassi
title	An Insight into the Role of Postmortem Immunohistochemistry in the Comprehension of the Inflammatory Pathophysiology of COVID-19 Disease and Vaccine-Related Thrombotic Adverse Events: A Narrative Review
title_short	An Insight into the Role of Postmortem Immunohistochemistry in the Comprehension of the Inflammatory Pathophysiology of COVID-19 Disease and Vaccine-Related Thrombotic Adverse Events: A Narrative Review
title_full	An Insight into the Role of Postmortem Immunohistochemistry in the Comprehension of the Inflammatory Pathophysiology of COVID-19 Disease and Vaccine-Related Thrombotic Adverse Events: A Narrative Review
title_fullStr	An Insight into the Role of Postmortem Immunohistochemistry in the Comprehension of the Inflammatory Pathophysiology of COVID-19 Disease and Vaccine-Related Thrombotic Adverse Events: A Narrative Review
title_full_unstemmed	An Insight into the Role of Postmortem Immunohistochemistry in the Comprehension of the Inflammatory Pathophysiology of COVID-19 Disease and Vaccine-Related Thrombotic Adverse Events: A Narrative Review
title_sort	insight into the role of postmortem immunohistochemistry in the comprehension of the inflammatory pathophysiology of covid-19 disease and vaccine-related thrombotic adverse events: a narrative review
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6f5ffd2a6d1748a1a3a887b1c4b18367
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An Insight into the Role of Postmortem Immunohistochemistry in the Comprehension of the Inflammatory Pathophysiology of COVID-19 Disease and Vaccine-Related Thrombotic Adverse Events: A Narrative Review

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