Occurrence, Fate, Effects, and Risks of Dexamethasone: Ecological Implications Post-COVID-19

The recent outbreak of respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has led to the widespread use of therapeutics, including dexamethasone (DEXA). DEXA, a synthetic glucocorticoid, is among the widely administered drugs used to treat hospitalized COVI...

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Autores principales:	Ndeke Musee, Lemme Prica Kebaabetswe, Shepherd Tichapondwa, Gosaitse Tubatsi, Ntombikayise Mahaye, Samuel Keeng Leareng, Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	surface water wastewater anti-inflammatory drug transformation glucocorticoid drinking water Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6fa5e6f0f94841cfbb63d4a2a4221a41
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6fa5e6f0f94841cfbb63d4a2a4221a412021-11-11T16:26:40ZOccurrence, Fate, Effects, and Risks of Dexamethasone: Ecological Implications Post-COVID-1910.3390/ijerph1821112911660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/6fa5e6f0f94841cfbb63d4a2a4221a412021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11291https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601The recent outbreak of respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has led to the widespread use of therapeutics, including dexamethasone (DEXA). DEXA, a synthetic glucocorticoid, is among the widely administered drugs used to treat hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The global COVID-19 surge in infections, consequent increasing hospitalizations, and other DEXA applications have raised concerns on eminent adverse ecological implications to aquatic ecosystems. Here, we aim to summarize published studies on DEXA occurrence, fate, and effects on organisms in natural and engineered systems as, pre-COVID, the drug has been identified as an emerging environmental contaminant. The results demonstrated a significant reduction of DEXA in wastewater treatment plants, with a small portion, including its transformation products (TPs), being released into downstream waters. Fish and crustaceans are the most susceptible species to DEXA exposure in the parts-per-billion range, suggesting potential deleterious ecological effects. However, there are data deficits on the implications of DEXA to marine and estuarine systems and wildlife. To improve DEXA management, toxicological outcomes of DEXA and formed TPs should entail long-term studies from whole organisms to molecular effects in actual environmental matrices and at realistic exposure concentrations. This can aid in striking a fine balance of saving human lives and protecting ecological integrity.Ndeke MuseeLemme Prica KebaabetsweShepherd TichapondwaGosaitse TubatsiNtombikayise MahayeSamuel Keeng LearengPhiliswa Nosizo NomngongoMDPI AGarticlesurface waterwastewateranti-inflammatory drugtransformationglucocorticoiddrinking waterMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11291, p 11291 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	surface water wastewater anti-inflammatory drug transformation glucocorticoid drinking water Medicine R
spellingShingle	surface water wastewater anti-inflammatory drug transformation glucocorticoid drinking water Medicine R Ndeke Musee Lemme Prica Kebaabetswe Shepherd Tichapondwa Gosaitse Tubatsi Ntombikayise Mahaye Samuel Keeng Leareng Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo Occurrence, Fate, Effects, and Risks of Dexamethasone: Ecological Implications Post-COVID-19
description	The recent outbreak of respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has led to the widespread use of therapeutics, including dexamethasone (DEXA). DEXA, a synthetic glucocorticoid, is among the widely administered drugs used to treat hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The global COVID-19 surge in infections, consequent increasing hospitalizations, and other DEXA applications have raised concerns on eminent adverse ecological implications to aquatic ecosystems. Here, we aim to summarize published studies on DEXA occurrence, fate, and effects on organisms in natural and engineered systems as, pre-COVID, the drug has been identified as an emerging environmental contaminant. The results demonstrated a significant reduction of DEXA in wastewater treatment plants, with a small portion, including its transformation products (TPs), being released into downstream waters. Fish and crustaceans are the most susceptible species to DEXA exposure in the parts-per-billion range, suggesting potential deleterious ecological effects. However, there are data deficits on the implications of DEXA to marine and estuarine systems and wildlife. To improve DEXA management, toxicological outcomes of DEXA and formed TPs should entail long-term studies from whole organisms to molecular effects in actual environmental matrices and at realistic exposure concentrations. This can aid in striking a fine balance of saving human lives and protecting ecological integrity.
format	article
author	Ndeke Musee Lemme Prica Kebaabetswe Shepherd Tichapondwa Gosaitse Tubatsi Ntombikayise Mahaye Samuel Keeng Leareng Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo
author_facet	Ndeke Musee Lemme Prica Kebaabetswe Shepherd Tichapondwa Gosaitse Tubatsi Ntombikayise Mahaye Samuel Keeng Leareng Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo
author_sort	Ndeke Musee
title	Occurrence, Fate, Effects, and Risks of Dexamethasone: Ecological Implications Post-COVID-19
title_short	Occurrence, Fate, Effects, and Risks of Dexamethasone: Ecological Implications Post-COVID-19
title_full	Occurrence, Fate, Effects, and Risks of Dexamethasone: Ecological Implications Post-COVID-19
title_fullStr	Occurrence, Fate, Effects, and Risks of Dexamethasone: Ecological Implications Post-COVID-19
title_full_unstemmed	Occurrence, Fate, Effects, and Risks of Dexamethasone: Ecological Implications Post-COVID-19
title_sort	occurrence, fate, effects, and risks of dexamethasone: ecological implications post-covid-19
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6fa5e6f0f94841cfbb63d4a2a4221a41
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Occurrence, Fate, Effects, and Risks of Dexamethasone: Ecological Implications Post-COVID-19

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