<italic toggle="yes">Anopheles</italic> Salivary Gland Architecture Shapes <italic toggle="yes">Plasmodium</italic> Sporozoite Availability for Transmission

ABSTRACT Plasmodium sporozoites (SPZs) must traverse the mosquito salivary glands (SGs) to reach a new vertebrate host and continue the malaria disease cycle. Although SGs can harbor thousands of sporozoites, only 10 to 100 are deposited into a host during probing. To determine how the SGs might fun...

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Autores principales:	Michael B. Wells, Deborah J. Andrew
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2019
Materias:	malaria mosquito salivary gland sporozoite Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6fb0903848344d68972c4122060e65be
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6fb0903848344d68972c4122060e65be2021-11-15T16:22:11Z<italic toggle="yes">Anopheles</italic> Salivary Gland Architecture Shapes <italic toggle="yes">Plasmodium</italic> Sporozoite Availability for Transmission10.1128/mBio.01238-192150-7511https://doaj.org/article/6fb0903848344d68972c4122060e65be2019-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.01238-19https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Plasmodium sporozoites (SPZs) must traverse the mosquito salivary glands (SGs) to reach a new vertebrate host and continue the malaria disease cycle. Although SGs can harbor thousands of sporozoites, only 10 to 100 are deposited into a host during probing. To determine how the SGs might function as a bottleneck in SPZ transmission, we have characterized Anopheles stephensi SGs infected with the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Our analyses corroborate findings from previous electron microscopy studies and provide new insights into the invasion process. We identified sites of SPZ accumulation within SGs across a range of infection intensities. Although SPZs were most often seen in the distal lateral SG lobes, they were also observed in the medial and proximal lateral lobes. Most parasites were associated with either the basement membrane or secretory cavities. SPZs accumulated at physical barriers, including fused salivary ducts and extensions of the chitinous salivary duct wall into the distal lumen. SPZs were observed only rarely within salivary ducts. SPZs appeared to contact each other in many different quantities, not just in the previously described large bundles. Within parasite bundles, all of the SPZs were oriented in the same direction. We found that moderate levels of infection did not necessarily correlate with major SG disruptions or abundant SG cell death. Altogether, our findings suggest that SG architecture largely acts as a barrier to SPZ transmission. IMPORTANCE Malaria continues to have a devastating impact on human health. With growing resistance to insecticides and antimalarial drugs, as well as climate change predictions indicating expansion of vector territories, the impact of malaria is likely to increase. Additional insights regarding pathogen migration through vector mosquitoes are needed to develop novel methods to prevent transmission to new hosts. Pathogens, including the microbes that cause malaria, must invade the salivary glands (SGs) for transmission. Since SG traversal is required for parasite transmission, SGs are ideal targets for transmission-blocking strategies. The work presented here highlights the role that mosquito SG architecture plays in limiting parasite traversal, revealing how the SG transmission bottleneck is imposed. Further, our data provide unprecedented detail about SG-sporozoite interactions and gland-to-gland variation not provided in previous studies.Michael B. WellsDeborah J. AndrewAmerican Society for Microbiologyarticlemalariamosquitosalivary glandsporozoiteMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 10, Iss 4 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	malaria mosquito salivary gland sporozoite Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	malaria mosquito salivary gland sporozoite Microbiology QR1-502 Michael B. Wells Deborah J. Andrew <italic toggle="yes">Anopheles</italic> Salivary Gland Architecture Shapes <italic toggle="yes">Plasmodium</italic> Sporozoite Availability for Transmission
description	ABSTRACT Plasmodium sporozoites (SPZs) must traverse the mosquito salivary glands (SGs) to reach a new vertebrate host and continue the malaria disease cycle. Although SGs can harbor thousands of sporozoites, only 10 to 100 are deposited into a host during probing. To determine how the SGs might function as a bottleneck in SPZ transmission, we have characterized Anopheles stephensi SGs infected with the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Our analyses corroborate findings from previous electron microscopy studies and provide new insights into the invasion process. We identified sites of SPZ accumulation within SGs across a range of infection intensities. Although SPZs were most often seen in the distal lateral SG lobes, they were also observed in the medial and proximal lateral lobes. Most parasites were associated with either the basement membrane or secretory cavities. SPZs accumulated at physical barriers, including fused salivary ducts and extensions of the chitinous salivary duct wall into the distal lumen. SPZs were observed only rarely within salivary ducts. SPZs appeared to contact each other in many different quantities, not just in the previously described large bundles. Within parasite bundles, all of the SPZs were oriented in the same direction. We found that moderate levels of infection did not necessarily correlate with major SG disruptions or abundant SG cell death. Altogether, our findings suggest that SG architecture largely acts as a barrier to SPZ transmission. IMPORTANCE Malaria continues to have a devastating impact on human health. With growing resistance to insecticides and antimalarial drugs, as well as climate change predictions indicating expansion of vector territories, the impact of malaria is likely to increase. Additional insights regarding pathogen migration through vector mosquitoes are needed to develop novel methods to prevent transmission to new hosts. Pathogens, including the microbes that cause malaria, must invade the salivary glands (SGs) for transmission. Since SG traversal is required for parasite transmission, SGs are ideal targets for transmission-blocking strategies. The work presented here highlights the role that mosquito SG architecture plays in limiting parasite traversal, revealing how the SG transmission bottleneck is imposed. Further, our data provide unprecedented detail about SG-sporozoite interactions and gland-to-gland variation not provided in previous studies.
format	article
author	Michael B. Wells Deborah J. Andrew
author_facet	Michael B. Wells Deborah J. Andrew
author_sort	Michael B. Wells
title	<italic toggle="yes">Anopheles</italic> Salivary Gland Architecture Shapes <italic toggle="yes">Plasmodium</italic> Sporozoite Availability for Transmission
title_short	<italic toggle="yes">Anopheles</italic> Salivary Gland Architecture Shapes <italic toggle="yes">Plasmodium</italic> Sporozoite Availability for Transmission
title_full	<italic toggle="yes">Anopheles</italic> Salivary Gland Architecture Shapes <italic toggle="yes">Plasmodium</italic> Sporozoite Availability for Transmission
title_fullStr	<italic toggle="yes">Anopheles</italic> Salivary Gland Architecture Shapes <italic toggle="yes">Plasmodium</italic> Sporozoite Availability for Transmission
title_full_unstemmed	<italic toggle="yes">Anopheles</italic> Salivary Gland Architecture Shapes <italic toggle="yes">Plasmodium</italic> Sporozoite Availability for Transmission
title_sort	<italic toggle="yes">anopheles</italic> salivary gland architecture shapes <italic toggle="yes">plasmodium</italic> sporozoite availability for transmission
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/6fb0903848344d68972c4122060e65be
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<italic toggle="yes">Anopheles</italic> Salivary Gland Architecture Shapes <italic toggle="yes">Plasmodium</italic> Sporozoite Availability for Transmission

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