Nervous Necrosis Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccine Stimulates European Sea Bass Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses and Induces Long-Term Protection against Disease

The rapidly increasing Mediterranean aquaculture production of European sea bass is compromised by outbreaks of viral nervous necrosis, which can be recurrent and detrimental. In this study, we evaluated the duration of protection and immune response in sea bass given a single dose of a virus-like p...

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Autores principales:	Sofie Barsøe, Kerstin Skovgaard, Dagoberto Sepúlveda, Ansgar Stratmann, Niccolò Vendramin, Niels Lorenzen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	viral nervous necrosis duration of immunity virus-like particle protective immunity neutralizing antibodies passive immunization Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/70a8a28095584533aa477e21b7b6860c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:70a8a28095584533aa477e21b7b6860c2021-11-25T18:38:33ZNervous Necrosis Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccine Stimulates European Sea Bass Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses and Induces Long-Term Protection against Disease10.3390/pathogens101114772076-0817https://doaj.org/article/70a8a28095584533aa477e21b7b6860c2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/11/1477https://doaj.org/toc/2076-0817The rapidly increasing Mediterranean aquaculture production of European sea bass is compromised by outbreaks of viral nervous necrosis, which can be recurrent and detrimental. In this study, we evaluated the duration of protection and immune response in sea bass given a single dose of a virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine. Examinations included experimental challenge with nervous necrosis virus (NNV), serological assays for NNV-specific antibody reactivity, and immune gene expression analysis. VLP-vaccinated fish showed high and superior survival in challenge both 3 and 7.5 months (1800 and 4500 dd) post-vaccination (RPS 87 and 88, OR (surviving) = 16.5 and 31.5, respectively, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Although not providing sterile immunity, VLP vaccination seemed to control the viral infection, as indicated by low prevalence of virus in the VLP-vaccinated survivors. High titers of neutralizing and specific antibodies were produced in VLP-vaccinated fish and persisted for at least ~9 months post-vaccination as well as after challenge. However, failure of immune sera to protect recipient fish in a passive immunization trial suggested that other immune mechanisms were important for protection. Accordingly, gene expression analysis revealed that VLP-vaccination induced a mechanistically broad immune response including upregulation of both innate and adaptive humoral and cellular components (<i>mx</i>, <i>isg12</i>, <i>mhc I</i>, <i>mhc II</i>, <i>igm</i>, and <i>igt</i>). No clinical side effects of the VLP vaccination at either tissue or performance levels were observed. The results altogether suggested the VLP-based vaccine to be suitable for clinical testing under farming conditions.Sofie BarsøeKerstin SkovgaardDagoberto SepúlvedaAnsgar StratmannNiccolò VendraminNiels LorenzenMDPI AGarticleviral nervous necrosisduration of immunityvirus-like particleprotective immunityneutralizing antibodiespassive immunizationMedicineRENPathogens, Vol 10, Iss 1477, p 1477 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	viral nervous necrosis duration of immunity virus-like particle protective immunity neutralizing antibodies passive immunization Medicine R
spellingShingle	viral nervous necrosis duration of immunity virus-like particle protective immunity neutralizing antibodies passive immunization Medicine R Sofie Barsøe Kerstin Skovgaard Dagoberto Sepúlveda Ansgar Stratmann Niccolò Vendramin Niels Lorenzen Nervous Necrosis Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccine Stimulates European Sea Bass Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses and Induces Long-Term Protection against Disease
description	The rapidly increasing Mediterranean aquaculture production of European sea bass is compromised by outbreaks of viral nervous necrosis, which can be recurrent and detrimental. In this study, we evaluated the duration of protection and immune response in sea bass given a single dose of a virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine. Examinations included experimental challenge with nervous necrosis virus (NNV), serological assays for NNV-specific antibody reactivity, and immune gene expression analysis. VLP-vaccinated fish showed high and superior survival in challenge both 3 and 7.5 months (1800 and 4500 dd) post-vaccination (RPS 87 and 88, OR (surviving) = 16.5 and 31.5, respectively, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Although not providing sterile immunity, VLP vaccination seemed to control the viral infection, as indicated by low prevalence of virus in the VLP-vaccinated survivors. High titers of neutralizing and specific antibodies were produced in VLP-vaccinated fish and persisted for at least ~9 months post-vaccination as well as after challenge. However, failure of immune sera to protect recipient fish in a passive immunization trial suggested that other immune mechanisms were important for protection. Accordingly, gene expression analysis revealed that VLP-vaccination induced a mechanistically broad immune response including upregulation of both innate and adaptive humoral and cellular components (<i>mx</i>, <i>isg12</i>, <i>mhc I</i>, <i>mhc II</i>, <i>igm</i>, and <i>igt</i>). No clinical side effects of the VLP vaccination at either tissue or performance levels were observed. The results altogether suggested the VLP-based vaccine to be suitable for clinical testing under farming conditions.
format	article
author	Sofie Barsøe Kerstin Skovgaard Dagoberto Sepúlveda Ansgar Stratmann Niccolò Vendramin Niels Lorenzen
author_facet	Sofie Barsøe Kerstin Skovgaard Dagoberto Sepúlveda Ansgar Stratmann Niccolò Vendramin Niels Lorenzen
author_sort	Sofie Barsøe
title	Nervous Necrosis Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccine Stimulates European Sea Bass Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses and Induces Long-Term Protection against Disease
title_short	Nervous Necrosis Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccine Stimulates European Sea Bass Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses and Induces Long-Term Protection against Disease
title_full	Nervous Necrosis Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccine Stimulates European Sea Bass Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses and Induces Long-Term Protection against Disease
title_fullStr	Nervous Necrosis Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccine Stimulates European Sea Bass Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses and Induces Long-Term Protection against Disease
title_full_unstemmed	Nervous Necrosis Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccine Stimulates European Sea Bass Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses and Induces Long-Term Protection against Disease
title_sort	nervous necrosis virus-like particle (vlp) vaccine stimulates european sea bass innate and adaptive immune responses and induces long-term protection against disease
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/70a8a28095584533aa477e21b7b6860c
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Nervous Necrosis Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccine Stimulates European Sea Bass Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses and Induces Long-Term Protection against Disease

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