Small Extracellular Vesicles in Transplant Rejection

Small extracellular vesicles (sEV), which are released to body fluids (e.g., serum, urine) by all types of human cells, may stimulate or inhibit the innate and adaptive immune response through multiple mechanisms. Exosomes or sEV have on their surface many key receptors of immune response, including...

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Autores principales:	Justyna E. Gołębiewska, Anna Wardowska, Monika Pietrowska, Anna Wojakowska, Alicja Dębska-Ślizień
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	small extracellular vesicles transplantation biomarker Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/70f52faaf0204128a17ea607455fce06
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:70f52faaf0204128a17ea607455fce062021-11-25T17:10:08ZSmall Extracellular Vesicles in Transplant Rejection10.3390/cells101129892073-4409https://doaj.org/article/70f52faaf0204128a17ea607455fce062021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/2989https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4409Small extracellular vesicles (sEV), which are released to body fluids (e.g., serum, urine) by all types of human cells, may stimulate or inhibit the innate and adaptive immune response through multiple mechanisms. Exosomes or sEV have on their surface many key receptors of immune response, including major histocompatibility complex (MHC) components, identical to their cellular origin. They also exhibit an ability to carry antigen and target leukocytes either via interaction with cell surface receptors or intracellular delivery of inflammatory mediators, receptors, enzymes, mRNAs, and noncoding RNAs. By the transfer of donor MHC antigens to recipient antigen presenting cells sEV may also contribute to T cell allorecognition and alloresponse. Here, we review the influence of sEV on the development of rejection or tolerance in the setting of solid organ and tissue allotransplantation. We also summarize and discuss potential applications of plasma and urinary sEV as biomarkers in the context of transplantation. We focus on the attempts to use sEV as a noninvasive approach to detecting allograft rejection. Preliminary studies show that both sEV total levels and a set of specific molecules included in their cargo may be an evidence of ongoing allograft rejection.Justyna E. GołębiewskaAnna WardowskaMonika PietrowskaAnna WojakowskaAlicja Dębska-ŚlizieńMDPI AGarticlesmall extracellular vesiclestransplantationbiomarkerBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENCells, Vol 10, Iss 2989, p 2989 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	small extracellular vesicles transplantation biomarker Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	small extracellular vesicles transplantation biomarker Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Justyna E. Gołębiewska Anna Wardowska Monika Pietrowska Anna Wojakowska Alicja Dębska-Ślizień Small Extracellular Vesicles in Transplant Rejection
description	Small extracellular vesicles (sEV), which are released to body fluids (e.g., serum, urine) by all types of human cells, may stimulate or inhibit the innate and adaptive immune response through multiple mechanisms. Exosomes or sEV have on their surface many key receptors of immune response, including major histocompatibility complex (MHC) components, identical to their cellular origin. They also exhibit an ability to carry antigen and target leukocytes either via interaction with cell surface receptors or intracellular delivery of inflammatory mediators, receptors, enzymes, mRNAs, and noncoding RNAs. By the transfer of donor MHC antigens to recipient antigen presenting cells sEV may also contribute to T cell allorecognition and alloresponse. Here, we review the influence of sEV on the development of rejection or tolerance in the setting of solid organ and tissue allotransplantation. We also summarize and discuss potential applications of plasma and urinary sEV as biomarkers in the context of transplantation. We focus on the attempts to use sEV as a noninvasive approach to detecting allograft rejection. Preliminary studies show that both sEV total levels and a set of specific molecules included in their cargo may be an evidence of ongoing allograft rejection.
format	article
author	Justyna E. Gołębiewska Anna Wardowska Monika Pietrowska Anna Wojakowska Alicja Dębska-Ślizień
author_facet	Justyna E. Gołębiewska Anna Wardowska Monika Pietrowska Anna Wojakowska Alicja Dębska-Ślizień
author_sort	Justyna E. Gołębiewska
title	Small Extracellular Vesicles in Transplant Rejection
title_short	Small Extracellular Vesicles in Transplant Rejection
title_full	Small Extracellular Vesicles in Transplant Rejection
title_fullStr	Small Extracellular Vesicles in Transplant Rejection
title_full_unstemmed	Small Extracellular Vesicles in Transplant Rejection
title_sort	small extracellular vesicles in transplant rejection
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/70f52faaf0204128a17ea607455fce06
work_keys_str_mv	AT justynaegołebiewska smallextracellularvesiclesintransplantrejection AT annawardowska smallextracellularvesiclesintransplantrejection AT monikapietrowska smallextracellularvesiclesintransplantrejection AT annawojakowska smallextracellularvesiclesintransplantrejection AT alicjadebskaslizien smallextracellularvesiclesintransplantrejection
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Small Extracellular Vesicles in Transplant Rejection

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