Expanding the hygiene hypothesis: early exposure to infectious agents predicts delayed-type hypersensitivity to Candida among children in Kilimanjaro.

<h4>Background</h4>Multiple lines of evidence suggest that infections in early life prevent the development of pathological immune responses to allergens and autoantigens (the hygiene hypothesis). Early infections may also affect later immune responses to pathogen antigen.<h4>Metho...

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Autores principales:	Katherine Wander, Kathleen O'Connor, Bettina Shell-Duncan
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/722667d60c6e4b879fa039f840011d45
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:722667d60c6e4b879fa039f840011d452021-11-18T07:18:16ZExpanding the hygiene hypothesis: early exposure to infectious agents predicts delayed-type hypersensitivity to Candida among children in Kilimanjaro.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0037406https://doaj.org/article/722667d60c6e4b879fa039f840011d452012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22616000/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>Multiple lines of evidence suggest that infections in early life prevent the development of pathological immune responses to allergens and autoantigens (the hygiene hypothesis). Early infections may also affect later immune responses to pathogen antigen.<h4>Methods</h4>To evaluate an association between early infections and immune responses to pathogen antigen, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to Candida albicans was evaluated among 283 2- to 7-year-old children in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. A questionnaire and physical examination were used to characterize variables reflecting early exposure to infectious agents (family size, house construction materials, BCG vaccination, hospitalization history). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between early exposure to infectious agents and DTH to C. albicans.<h4>Results</h4>Triceps skinfold thickness (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.22) and age (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.55) were positively associated with DTH to C. albicans. Adjusted for age and sex, large family size (OR: 2.81; 95% CI: 1.04, 7.61), BCG vaccination scar (OR: 3.10; 95% CI: 1.10, 8.71), and hospitalization during infancy with an infectious disease (OR: 4.67; 95% CI: 1.00, 21.74) were positively associated with DTH to C. albicans.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Early life infections were positively associated with later DTH to C. albicans. This result supports an expansion of the hygiene hypothesis to explain not only pathological immune responses to allergens, but also appropriate immune responses to pathogens. Immune system development may be responsive to early infections as an adaptive means to tailor reactivity to the local infectious disease ecology.Katherine WanderKathleen O'ConnorBettina Shell-DuncanPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 5, p e37406 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Katherine Wander Kathleen O'Connor Bettina Shell-Duncan Expanding the hygiene hypothesis: early exposure to infectious agents predicts delayed-type hypersensitivity to Candida among children in Kilimanjaro.
description	<h4>Background</h4>Multiple lines of evidence suggest that infections in early life prevent the development of pathological immune responses to allergens and autoantigens (the hygiene hypothesis). Early infections may also affect later immune responses to pathogen antigen.<h4>Methods</h4>To evaluate an association between early infections and immune responses to pathogen antigen, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to Candida albicans was evaluated among 283 2- to 7-year-old children in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. A questionnaire and physical examination were used to characterize variables reflecting early exposure to infectious agents (family size, house construction materials, BCG vaccination, hospitalization history). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between early exposure to infectious agents and DTH to C. albicans.<h4>Results</h4>Triceps skinfold thickness (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.22) and age (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.55) were positively associated with DTH to C. albicans. Adjusted for age and sex, large family size (OR: 2.81; 95% CI: 1.04, 7.61), BCG vaccination scar (OR: 3.10; 95% CI: 1.10, 8.71), and hospitalization during infancy with an infectious disease (OR: 4.67; 95% CI: 1.00, 21.74) were positively associated with DTH to C. albicans.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Early life infections were positively associated with later DTH to C. albicans. This result supports an expansion of the hygiene hypothesis to explain not only pathological immune responses to allergens, but also appropriate immune responses to pathogens. Immune system development may be responsive to early infections as an adaptive means to tailor reactivity to the local infectious disease ecology.
format	article
author	Katherine Wander Kathleen O'Connor Bettina Shell-Duncan
author_facet	Katherine Wander Kathleen O'Connor Bettina Shell-Duncan
author_sort	Katherine Wander
title	Expanding the hygiene hypothesis: early exposure to infectious agents predicts delayed-type hypersensitivity to Candida among children in Kilimanjaro.
title_short	Expanding the hygiene hypothesis: early exposure to infectious agents predicts delayed-type hypersensitivity to Candida among children in Kilimanjaro.
title_full	Expanding the hygiene hypothesis: early exposure to infectious agents predicts delayed-type hypersensitivity to Candida among children in Kilimanjaro.
title_fullStr	Expanding the hygiene hypothesis: early exposure to infectious agents predicts delayed-type hypersensitivity to Candida among children in Kilimanjaro.
title_full_unstemmed	Expanding the hygiene hypothesis: early exposure to infectious agents predicts delayed-type hypersensitivity to Candida among children in Kilimanjaro.
title_sort	expanding the hygiene hypothesis: early exposure to infectious agents predicts delayed-type hypersensitivity to candida among children in kilimanjaro.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/722667d60c6e4b879fa039f840011d45
work_keys_str_mv	AT katherinewander expandingthehygienehypothesisearlyexposuretoinfectiousagentspredictsdelayedtypehypersensitivitytocandidaamongchildreninkilimanjaro AT kathleenoconnor expandingthehygienehypothesisearlyexposuretoinfectiousagentspredictsdelayedtypehypersensitivitytocandidaamongchildreninkilimanjaro AT bettinashellduncan expandingthehygienehypothesisearlyexposuretoinfectiousagentspredictsdelayedtypehypersensitivitytocandidaamongchildreninkilimanjaro
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Expanding the hygiene hypothesis: early exposure to infectious agents predicts delayed-type hypersensitivity to Candida among children in Kilimanjaro.

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