Integration of the Cortical Haemodynamic Response Measured by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Amino Acid Analysis to Aid in the Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating condition with a high disease burden and medical comorbidities. There are currently few to no validated biomarkers to guide the diagnosis and treatment of MDD. In the present study, we evaluated the differences between MDD patients and he...

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Autores principales:	Samantha K. Ong, Syeda F. Husain, Hai Ning Wee, Jianhong Ching, Jean-Paul Kovalik, Man Si Cheng, Herbert Schwarz, Tong Boon Tang, Cyrus S. Ho
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	diagnosis near-infrared spectroscopy verbal fluency test haemodynamic response liquid chromatography mass spectrometry major depressive disorder Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7236e792ea29465695e8819034078325
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7236e792ea29465695e88190340783252021-11-25T17:20:26ZIntegration of the Cortical Haemodynamic Response Measured by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Amino Acid Analysis to Aid in the Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder10.3390/diagnostics111119782075-4418https://doaj.org/article/7236e792ea29465695e88190340783252021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/11/11/1978https://doaj.org/toc/2075-4418Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating condition with a high disease burden and medical comorbidities. There are currently few to no validated biomarkers to guide the diagnosis and treatment of MDD. In the present study, we evaluated the differences between MDD patients and healthy controls (HCs) in terms of cortical haemodynamic responses during a verbal fluency test (VFT) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and serum amino acid profiles, and ascertained if these parameters were correlated with clinical characteristics. Methods: Twenty-five (25) patients with MDD and 25 age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched HCs were recruited for the study. Real-time monitoring of the haemodynamic response during completion of a VFT was quantified using a 52-channel NIRS system. Serum samples were analysed and quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for amino acid profiling. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to classify potential candidate biomarkers. Results: The MDD patients had lower prefrontal and temporal activation during completion of the VFT than HCs. The MDD patients had lower mean concentrations of oxy-Hb in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and lower serum histidine levels. When the oxy-haemoglobin response was combined with the histidine concentration, the sensitivity and specificity of results improved significantly from 66.7% to 73.3% and from 65.0% to 90.0% respectively, as compared to results based only on the NIRS response. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the use of combination biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis of MDD. This technique could be a useful approach to detect MDD with greater precision, but additional studies are required to validate the methodology.Samantha K. OngSyeda F. HusainHai Ning WeeJianhong ChingJean-Paul KovalikMan Si ChengHerbert SchwarzTong Boon TangCyrus S. HoMDPI AGarticlediagnosisnear-infrared spectroscopyverbal fluency testhaemodynamic responseliquid chromatography mass spectrometrymajor depressive disorderMedicine (General)R5-920ENDiagnostics, Vol 11, Iss 1978, p 1978 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	diagnosis near-infrared spectroscopy verbal fluency test haemodynamic response liquid chromatography mass spectrometry major depressive disorder Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	diagnosis near-infrared spectroscopy verbal fluency test haemodynamic response liquid chromatography mass spectrometry major depressive disorder Medicine (General) R5-920 Samantha K. Ong Syeda F. Husain Hai Ning Wee Jianhong Ching Jean-Paul Kovalik Man Si Cheng Herbert Schwarz Tong Boon Tang Cyrus S. Ho Integration of the Cortical Haemodynamic Response Measured by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Amino Acid Analysis to Aid in the Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder
description	Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating condition with a high disease burden and medical comorbidities. There are currently few to no validated biomarkers to guide the diagnosis and treatment of MDD. In the present study, we evaluated the differences between MDD patients and healthy controls (HCs) in terms of cortical haemodynamic responses during a verbal fluency test (VFT) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and serum amino acid profiles, and ascertained if these parameters were correlated with clinical characteristics. Methods: Twenty-five (25) patients with MDD and 25 age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched HCs were recruited for the study. Real-time monitoring of the haemodynamic response during completion of a VFT was quantified using a 52-channel NIRS system. Serum samples were analysed and quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for amino acid profiling. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to classify potential candidate biomarkers. Results: The MDD patients had lower prefrontal and temporal activation during completion of the VFT than HCs. The MDD patients had lower mean concentrations of oxy-Hb in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and lower serum histidine levels. When the oxy-haemoglobin response was combined with the histidine concentration, the sensitivity and specificity of results improved significantly from 66.7% to 73.3% and from 65.0% to 90.0% respectively, as compared to results based only on the NIRS response. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the use of combination biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis of MDD. This technique could be a useful approach to detect MDD with greater precision, but additional studies are required to validate the methodology.
format	article
author	Samantha K. Ong Syeda F. Husain Hai Ning Wee Jianhong Ching Jean-Paul Kovalik Man Si Cheng Herbert Schwarz Tong Boon Tang Cyrus S. Ho
author_facet	Samantha K. Ong Syeda F. Husain Hai Ning Wee Jianhong Ching Jean-Paul Kovalik Man Si Cheng Herbert Schwarz Tong Boon Tang Cyrus S. Ho
author_sort	Samantha K. Ong
title	Integration of the Cortical Haemodynamic Response Measured by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Amino Acid Analysis to Aid in the Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder
title_short	Integration of the Cortical Haemodynamic Response Measured by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Amino Acid Analysis to Aid in the Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder
title_full	Integration of the Cortical Haemodynamic Response Measured by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Amino Acid Analysis to Aid in the Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder
title_fullStr	Integration of the Cortical Haemodynamic Response Measured by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Amino Acid Analysis to Aid in the Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder
title_full_unstemmed	Integration of the Cortical Haemodynamic Response Measured by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Amino Acid Analysis to Aid in the Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder
title_sort	integration of the cortical haemodynamic response measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy and amino acid analysis to aid in the diagnosis of major depressive disorder
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7236e792ea29465695e8819034078325
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Integration of the Cortical Haemodynamic Response Measured by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Amino Acid Analysis to Aid in the Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder

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