Out of India, thrice: diversification of Asian forest scorpions reveals three colonizations of Southeast Asia

Abstract The ‘Out of India’ hypothesis is often invoked to explain patterns of distribution among Southeast Asian taxa. According to this hypothesis, Southeast Asian taxa originated in Gondwana, diverged from their Gondwanan relatives when the Indian subcontinent rifted from Gondwana in the Late Jur...

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Autores principales:	Stephanie F. Loria, Lorenzo Prendini
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2020
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/724193ebb3fc480ebe12786e9800d8bf
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:724193ebb3fc480ebe12786e9800d8bf2021-12-02T11:57:57ZOut of India, thrice: diversification of Asian forest scorpions reveals three colonizations of Southeast Asia10.1038/s41598-020-78183-82045-2322https://doaj.org/article/724193ebb3fc480ebe12786e9800d8bf2020-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78183-8https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The ‘Out of India’ hypothesis is often invoked to explain patterns of distribution among Southeast Asian taxa. According to this hypothesis, Southeast Asian taxa originated in Gondwana, diverged from their Gondwanan relatives when the Indian subcontinent rifted from Gondwana in the Late Jurassic, and colonized Southeast Asia when it collided with Eurasia in the early Cenozoic. A growing body of evidence suggests these events were far more complex than previously understood, however. The first quantitative reconstruction of the biogeography of Asian forest scorpions (Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802: Heterometrinae Simon, 1879) is presented here. Divergence time estimation, ancestral range estimation, and diversification analyses are used to determine the origins, dispersal and diversification patterns of these scorpions, providing a timeline for their biogeographical history that can be summarized into four major events. (1) Heterometrinae diverged from other Scorpionidae on the African continent after the Indian subcontinent became separated in the Cretaceous. (2) Environmental stresses during the Cretaceous–Tertiary (KT) mass extinction caused range contraction, restricting one clade of Heterometrinae to refugia in southern India (the Western Ghats) and Sri Lanka (the Central Highlands). (3) Heterometrinae dispersed to Southeast Asia three times during India’s collision with Eurasia, the first dispersal event occurring as the Indian subcontinent brushed up against the western side of Sumatra, and the other two events occurring as India moved closer to Eurasia. (4) Indian Heterometrinae, confined to southern India and Sri Lanka during the KT mass extinction, recolonized the Deccan Plateau and northern India, diversifying into new, more arid habitats after environmental conditions stabilized. These hypotheses, which are congruent with the geological literature and biogeographical analyses of other taxa from South and Southeast Asia, contribute to an improved understanding of the dispersal and diversification patterns of taxa in this biodiverse and geologically complex region.Stephanie F. LoriaLorenzo PrendiniNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-19 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Stephanie F. Loria Lorenzo Prendini Out of India, thrice: diversification of Asian forest scorpions reveals three colonizations of Southeast Asia
description	Abstract The ‘Out of India’ hypothesis is often invoked to explain patterns of distribution among Southeast Asian taxa. According to this hypothesis, Southeast Asian taxa originated in Gondwana, diverged from their Gondwanan relatives when the Indian subcontinent rifted from Gondwana in the Late Jurassic, and colonized Southeast Asia when it collided with Eurasia in the early Cenozoic. A growing body of evidence suggests these events were far more complex than previously understood, however. The first quantitative reconstruction of the biogeography of Asian forest scorpions (Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802: Heterometrinae Simon, 1879) is presented here. Divergence time estimation, ancestral range estimation, and diversification analyses are used to determine the origins, dispersal and diversification patterns of these scorpions, providing a timeline for their biogeographical history that can be summarized into four major events. (1) Heterometrinae diverged from other Scorpionidae on the African continent after the Indian subcontinent became separated in the Cretaceous. (2) Environmental stresses during the Cretaceous–Tertiary (KT) mass extinction caused range contraction, restricting one clade of Heterometrinae to refugia in southern India (the Western Ghats) and Sri Lanka (the Central Highlands). (3) Heterometrinae dispersed to Southeast Asia three times during India’s collision with Eurasia, the first dispersal event occurring as the Indian subcontinent brushed up against the western side of Sumatra, and the other two events occurring as India moved closer to Eurasia. (4) Indian Heterometrinae, confined to southern India and Sri Lanka during the KT mass extinction, recolonized the Deccan Plateau and northern India, diversifying into new, more arid habitats after environmental conditions stabilized. These hypotheses, which are congruent with the geological literature and biogeographical analyses of other taxa from South and Southeast Asia, contribute to an improved understanding of the dispersal and diversification patterns of taxa in this biodiverse and geologically complex region.
format	article
author	Stephanie F. Loria Lorenzo Prendini
author_facet	Stephanie F. Loria Lorenzo Prendini
author_sort	Stephanie F. Loria
title	Out of India, thrice: diversification of Asian forest scorpions reveals three colonizations of Southeast Asia
title_short	Out of India, thrice: diversification of Asian forest scorpions reveals three colonizations of Southeast Asia
title_full	Out of India, thrice: diversification of Asian forest scorpions reveals three colonizations of Southeast Asia
title_fullStr	Out of India, thrice: diversification of Asian forest scorpions reveals three colonizations of Southeast Asia
title_full_unstemmed	Out of India, thrice: diversification of Asian forest scorpions reveals three colonizations of Southeast Asia
title_sort	out of india, thrice: diversification of asian forest scorpions reveals three colonizations of southeast asia
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/724193ebb3fc480ebe12786e9800d8bf
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Out of India, thrice: diversification of Asian forest scorpions reveals three colonizations of Southeast Asia

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