Genetic Transformation of Apomictic Grasses: Progress and Constraints

The available methods for plant transformation and expansion beyond its limits remain especially critical for crop improvement. For grass species, this is even more critical, mainly due to drawbacks in in vitro regeneration. Despite the existence of many protocols in grasses to achieve genetic trans...

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Autores principales:	Andrés M. Bellido, Eduado D. Souza Canadá, Hugo R. Permingeat, Viviana Echenique
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	genetic transformation apomictic grasses plant regeneration DNA-delivery methods editing morphogenic regulators Plant culture SB1-1110
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/72a1b2275c414d3d8bf2fc5ec318fd77
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:72a1b2275c414d3d8bf2fc5ec318fd772021-11-05T10:58:55ZGenetic Transformation of Apomictic Grasses: Progress and Constraints1664-462X10.3389/fpls.2021.768393https://doaj.org/article/72a1b2275c414d3d8bf2fc5ec318fd772021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.768393/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-462XThe available methods for plant transformation and expansion beyond its limits remain especially critical for crop improvement. For grass species, this is even more critical, mainly due to drawbacks in in vitro regeneration. Despite the existence of many protocols in grasses to achieve genetic transformation through Agrobacterium or biolistic gene delivery, their efficiencies are genotype-dependent and still very low due to the recalcitrance of these species to in vitro regeneration. Many plant transformation facilities for cereals and other important crops may be found around the world in universities and enterprises, but this is not the case for apomictic species, many of which are C4 grasses. Moreover, apomixis (asexual reproduction by seeds) represents an additional constraint for breeding. However, the transformation of an apomictic clone is an attractive strategy, as the transgene is immediately fixed in a highly adapted genetic background, capable of large-scale clonal propagation. With the exception of some species like Brachiaria brizantha which is planted in approximately 100 M ha in Brazil, apomixis is almost non-present in economically important crops. However, as it is sometimes present in their wild relatives, the main goal is to transfer this trait to crops to fix heterosis. Until now this has been a difficult task, mainly because many aspects of apomixis are unknown. Over the last few years, many candidate genes have been identified and attempts have been made to characterize them functionally in Arabidopsis and rice. However, functional analysis in true apomictic species lags far behind, mainly due to the complexity of its genomes, of the trait itself, and the lack of efficient genetic transformation protocols. In this study, we review the current status of the in vitro culture and genetic transformation methods focusing on apomictic grasses, and the prospects for the application of new tools assayed in other related species, with two aims: to pave the way for discovering the molecular pathways involved in apomixis and to develop new capacities for breeding purposes because many of these grasses are important forage or biofuel resources.Andrés M. BellidoEduado D. Souza CanadáHugo R. PermingeatViviana EcheniqueFrontiers Media S.A.articlegenetic transformationapomictic grassesplant regenerationDNA-delivery methodseditingmorphogenic regulatorsPlant cultureSB1-1110ENFrontiers in Plant Science, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	genetic transformation apomictic grasses plant regeneration DNA-delivery methods editing morphogenic regulators Plant culture SB1-1110
spellingShingle	genetic transformation apomictic grasses plant regeneration DNA-delivery methods editing morphogenic regulators Plant culture SB1-1110 Andrés M. Bellido Eduado D. Souza Canadá Hugo R. Permingeat Viviana Echenique Genetic Transformation of Apomictic Grasses: Progress and Constraints
description	The available methods for plant transformation and expansion beyond its limits remain especially critical for crop improvement. For grass species, this is even more critical, mainly due to drawbacks in in vitro regeneration. Despite the existence of many protocols in grasses to achieve genetic transformation through Agrobacterium or biolistic gene delivery, their efficiencies are genotype-dependent and still very low due to the recalcitrance of these species to in vitro regeneration. Many plant transformation facilities for cereals and other important crops may be found around the world in universities and enterprises, but this is not the case for apomictic species, many of which are C4 grasses. Moreover, apomixis (asexual reproduction by seeds) represents an additional constraint for breeding. However, the transformation of an apomictic clone is an attractive strategy, as the transgene is immediately fixed in a highly adapted genetic background, capable of large-scale clonal propagation. With the exception of some species like Brachiaria brizantha which is planted in approximately 100 M ha in Brazil, apomixis is almost non-present in economically important crops. However, as it is sometimes present in their wild relatives, the main goal is to transfer this trait to crops to fix heterosis. Until now this has been a difficult task, mainly because many aspects of apomixis are unknown. Over the last few years, many candidate genes have been identified and attempts have been made to characterize them functionally in Arabidopsis and rice. However, functional analysis in true apomictic species lags far behind, mainly due to the complexity of its genomes, of the trait itself, and the lack of efficient genetic transformation protocols. In this study, we review the current status of the in vitro culture and genetic transformation methods focusing on apomictic grasses, and the prospects for the application of new tools assayed in other related species, with two aims: to pave the way for discovering the molecular pathways involved in apomixis and to develop new capacities for breeding purposes because many of these grasses are important forage or biofuel resources.
format	article
author	Andrés M. Bellido Eduado D. Souza Canadá Hugo R. Permingeat Viviana Echenique
author_facet	Andrés M. Bellido Eduado D. Souza Canadá Hugo R. Permingeat Viviana Echenique
author_sort	Andrés M. Bellido
title	Genetic Transformation of Apomictic Grasses: Progress and Constraints
title_short	Genetic Transformation of Apomictic Grasses: Progress and Constraints
title_full	Genetic Transformation of Apomictic Grasses: Progress and Constraints
title_fullStr	Genetic Transformation of Apomictic Grasses: Progress and Constraints
title_full_unstemmed	Genetic Transformation of Apomictic Grasses: Progress and Constraints
title_sort	genetic transformation of apomictic grasses: progress and constraints
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/72a1b2275c414d3d8bf2fc5ec318fd77
work_keys_str_mv	AT andresmbellido genetictransformationofapomicticgrassesprogressandconstraints AT eduadodsouzacanada genetictransformationofapomicticgrassesprogressandconstraints AT hugorpermingeat genetictransformationofapomicticgrassesprogressandconstraints AT vivianaechenique genetictransformationofapomicticgrassesprogressandconstraints
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Genetic Transformation of Apomictic Grasses: Progress and Constraints

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