Bioactive Poly(lactic acid)–Cocoa Bean Shell Composites for Biomaterial Formulation: Preparation and Preliminary In Vitro Characterization

The unique lignocellulosic and solvent-extractive chemical constituents of most natural fibers are rich in natural polymers and bioactive molecules that can be exploited for biomaterial formulation. However, although natural fibers’ main constituents have been already incorporated as material reinfo...

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Autores principales:	Andres J. Garcia-Brand, Maria A. Morales, Ana Sofia Hozman, Andres C. Ramirez, Luis J. Cruz, Alejandro Maranon, Carolina Muñoz-Camargo, Juan C. Cruz, Alicia Porras
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	cocoa bean shell poly(lactic acid) composites natural fibers biocompatibility mechanical properties Organic chemistry QD241-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/72ad9134a4284addaf6473467828a06c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:72ad9134a4284addaf6473467828a06c2021-11-11T18:44:22ZBioactive Poly(lactic acid)–Cocoa Bean Shell Composites for Biomaterial Formulation: Preparation and Preliminary In Vitro Characterization10.3390/polym132137072073-4360https://doaj.org/article/72ad9134a4284addaf6473467828a06c2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/21/3707https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4360The unique lignocellulosic and solvent-extractive chemical constituents of most natural fibers are rich in natural polymers and bioactive molecules that can be exploited for biomaterial formulation. However, although natural fibers’ main constituents have been already incorporated as material reinforcement and improve surface bioactivity of polymeric materials, the use of the whole natural fibers as bioactive fillers remains largely unexplored. Thus, we put forward the formulation of natural fiber filling and functionalization of biomaterials by studying the chemical composition of cocoa bean shells (CBS) and proposing the fabrication and characterization of polylactic acid (PLA) and CBS-based composite by solvent-casting. As was expected from previous studies of agro-industrial wastes, the main components of CBS were to cellulose (42.23 wt.%), lignin (22.68 wt.%), hemicellulose (14.73 wt.%), and solvent extractives (14.42 wt.%). Structural analysis (FTIR) confirms the absence of covalent bonding between materials. Thermal degradation profiles (DSC and TGA) showed similar mass losses and thermal-reaction profiles for lignocellulosic-fibers-based composites. The mechanical behavior of the PLA/CBS composite shows a stiffer material behavior than the pristine material. The cell viability of Vero cells in the presence of the composites was above 94%, and the hemolytic tendency was below 5%, while platelet aggregation increased up to 40%. Antioxidant activity was confirmed with comparable 2,2-diphe-277 nyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free-radical scavenging than Vitamin C even for PLA/CBS composite. Therefore, the present study elucidates the significant promise of CBS for bioactive functionalization in biomaterial-engineering, as the tested composite exhibited high biocompatibility and strong antioxidant activity and might induce angiogenic factors’ release. Moreover, we present an eco-friendly alternative to taking advantage of chocolate-industry by-products.Andres J. Garcia-BrandMaria A. MoralesAna Sofia HozmanAndres C. RamirezLuis J. CruzAlejandro MaranonCarolina Muñoz-CamargoJuan C. CruzAlicia PorrasMDPI AGarticlecocoa bean shellpoly(lactic acid)compositesnatural fibersbiocompatibilitymechanical propertiesOrganic chemistryQD241-441ENPolymers, Vol 13, Iss 3707, p 3707 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	cocoa bean shell poly(lactic acid) composites natural fibers biocompatibility mechanical properties Organic chemistry QD241-441
spellingShingle	cocoa bean shell poly(lactic acid) composites natural fibers biocompatibility mechanical properties Organic chemistry QD241-441 Andres J. Garcia-Brand Maria A. Morales Ana Sofia Hozman Andres C. Ramirez Luis J. Cruz Alejandro Maranon Carolina Muñoz-Camargo Juan C. Cruz Alicia Porras Bioactive Poly(lactic acid)–Cocoa Bean Shell Composites for Biomaterial Formulation: Preparation and Preliminary In Vitro Characterization
description	The unique lignocellulosic and solvent-extractive chemical constituents of most natural fibers are rich in natural polymers and bioactive molecules that can be exploited for biomaterial formulation. However, although natural fibers’ main constituents have been already incorporated as material reinforcement and improve surface bioactivity of polymeric materials, the use of the whole natural fibers as bioactive fillers remains largely unexplored. Thus, we put forward the formulation of natural fiber filling and functionalization of biomaterials by studying the chemical composition of cocoa bean shells (CBS) and proposing the fabrication and characterization of polylactic acid (PLA) and CBS-based composite by solvent-casting. As was expected from previous studies of agro-industrial wastes, the main components of CBS were to cellulose (42.23 wt.%), lignin (22.68 wt.%), hemicellulose (14.73 wt.%), and solvent extractives (14.42 wt.%). Structural analysis (FTIR) confirms the absence of covalent bonding between materials. Thermal degradation profiles (DSC and TGA) showed similar mass losses and thermal-reaction profiles for lignocellulosic-fibers-based composites. The mechanical behavior of the PLA/CBS composite shows a stiffer material behavior than the pristine material. The cell viability of Vero cells in the presence of the composites was above 94%, and the hemolytic tendency was below 5%, while platelet aggregation increased up to 40%. Antioxidant activity was confirmed with comparable 2,2-diphe-277 nyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free-radical scavenging than Vitamin C even for PLA/CBS composite. Therefore, the present study elucidates the significant promise of CBS for bioactive functionalization in biomaterial-engineering, as the tested composite exhibited high biocompatibility and strong antioxidant activity and might induce angiogenic factors’ release. Moreover, we present an eco-friendly alternative to taking advantage of chocolate-industry by-products.
format	article
author	Andres J. Garcia-Brand Maria A. Morales Ana Sofia Hozman Andres C. Ramirez Luis J. Cruz Alejandro Maranon Carolina Muñoz-Camargo Juan C. Cruz Alicia Porras
author_facet	Andres J. Garcia-Brand Maria A. Morales Ana Sofia Hozman Andres C. Ramirez Luis J. Cruz Alejandro Maranon Carolina Muñoz-Camargo Juan C. Cruz Alicia Porras
author_sort	Andres J. Garcia-Brand
title	Bioactive Poly(lactic acid)–Cocoa Bean Shell Composites for Biomaterial Formulation: Preparation and Preliminary In Vitro Characterization
title_short	Bioactive Poly(lactic acid)–Cocoa Bean Shell Composites for Biomaterial Formulation: Preparation and Preliminary In Vitro Characterization
title_full	Bioactive Poly(lactic acid)–Cocoa Bean Shell Composites for Biomaterial Formulation: Preparation and Preliminary In Vitro Characterization
title_fullStr	Bioactive Poly(lactic acid)–Cocoa Bean Shell Composites for Biomaterial Formulation: Preparation and Preliminary In Vitro Characterization
title_full_unstemmed	Bioactive Poly(lactic acid)–Cocoa Bean Shell Composites for Biomaterial Formulation: Preparation and Preliminary In Vitro Characterization
title_sort	bioactive poly(lactic acid)–cocoa bean shell composites for biomaterial formulation: preparation and preliminary in vitro characterization
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/72ad9134a4284addaf6473467828a06c
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Bioactive Poly(lactic acid)–Cocoa Bean Shell Composites for Biomaterial Formulation: Preparation and Preliminary In Vitro Characterization

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