Flavonoids Modulate the Accumulation of Toxins From Aspergillus flavus in Maize Kernels

Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen capable of producing aflatoxins, potent carcinogenic toxins that accumulate in maize kernels after infection. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of maize resistance to A. flavus growth and aflatoxin accumulation, we performed a high-t...

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Autores principales:	Lina Castano-Duque, Matthew K. Gilbert, Brian M. Mack, Matthew D. Lebar, Carol H. Carter-Wientjes, Christine M. Sickler, Jeffrey W. Cary, Kanniah Rajasekaran
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	Aspergillus aflatoxin GWAS systems biology in planta flavonoids Plant culture SB1-1110
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/740e147769bf46328712eab43b3e2b2d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:740e147769bf46328712eab43b3e2b2d2021-12-01T08:03:39ZFlavonoids Modulate the Accumulation of Toxins From Aspergillus flavus in Maize Kernels1664-462X10.3389/fpls.2021.761446https://doaj.org/article/740e147769bf46328712eab43b3e2b2d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.761446/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-462XAspergillus flavus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen capable of producing aflatoxins, potent carcinogenic toxins that accumulate in maize kernels after infection. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of maize resistance to A. flavus growth and aflatoxin accumulation, we performed a high-throughput transcriptomic study in situ using maize kernels infected with A. flavus strain 3357. Three maize lines were evaluated: aflatoxin-contamination resistant line TZAR102, semi-resistant MI82, and susceptible line Va35. A modified genotype-environment association method (GEA) used to detect loci under selection via redundancy analysis (RDA) was used with the transcriptomic data to detect genes significantly influenced by maize line, fungal treatment, and duration of infection. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of genes highly expressed in infected kernels identified molecular pathways associated with defense responses to fungi and other microbes such as production of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and lipid bilayer formation. To further identify novel genes of interest, we incorporated genomic and phenotypic field data from a genome wide association analysis with gene expression data, allowing us to detect significantly expressed quantitative trait loci (eQTL). These results identified significant association between flavonoid biosynthetic pathway genes and infection by A. flavus. In planta fungal infections showed that the resistant line, TZAR102, has a higher fold increase of the metabolites naringenin and luteolin than the susceptible line, Va35, when comparing untreated and fungal infected plants. These results suggest flavonoids contribute to plant resistance mechanisms against aflatoxin contamination through modulation of toxin accumulation in maize kernels.Lina Castano-DuqueMatthew K. GilbertBrian M. MackMatthew D. LebarCarol H. Carter-WientjesChristine M. SicklerJeffrey W. CaryKanniah RajasekaranFrontiers Media S.A.articleAspergillusaflatoxinGWASsystems biologyin plantaflavonoidsPlant cultureSB1-1110ENFrontiers in Plant Science, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Aspergillus aflatoxin GWAS systems biology in planta flavonoids Plant culture SB1-1110
spellingShingle	Aspergillus aflatoxin GWAS systems biology in planta flavonoids Plant culture SB1-1110 Lina Castano-Duque Matthew K. Gilbert Brian M. Mack Matthew D. Lebar Carol H. Carter-Wientjes Christine M. Sickler Jeffrey W. Cary Kanniah Rajasekaran Flavonoids Modulate the Accumulation of Toxins From Aspergillus flavus in Maize Kernels
description	Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen capable of producing aflatoxins, potent carcinogenic toxins that accumulate in maize kernels after infection. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of maize resistance to A. flavus growth and aflatoxin accumulation, we performed a high-throughput transcriptomic study in situ using maize kernels infected with A. flavus strain 3357. Three maize lines were evaluated: aflatoxin-contamination resistant line TZAR102, semi-resistant MI82, and susceptible line Va35. A modified genotype-environment association method (GEA) used to detect loci under selection via redundancy analysis (RDA) was used with the transcriptomic data to detect genes significantly influenced by maize line, fungal treatment, and duration of infection. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of genes highly expressed in infected kernels identified molecular pathways associated with defense responses to fungi and other microbes such as production of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and lipid bilayer formation. To further identify novel genes of interest, we incorporated genomic and phenotypic field data from a genome wide association analysis with gene expression data, allowing us to detect significantly expressed quantitative trait loci (eQTL). These results identified significant association between flavonoid biosynthetic pathway genes and infection by A. flavus. In planta fungal infections showed that the resistant line, TZAR102, has a higher fold increase of the metabolites naringenin and luteolin than the susceptible line, Va35, when comparing untreated and fungal infected plants. These results suggest flavonoids contribute to plant resistance mechanisms against aflatoxin contamination through modulation of toxin accumulation in maize kernels.
format	article
author	Lina Castano-Duque Matthew K. Gilbert Brian M. Mack Matthew D. Lebar Carol H. Carter-Wientjes Christine M. Sickler Jeffrey W. Cary Kanniah Rajasekaran
author_facet	Lina Castano-Duque Matthew K. Gilbert Brian M. Mack Matthew D. Lebar Carol H. Carter-Wientjes Christine M. Sickler Jeffrey W. Cary Kanniah Rajasekaran
author_sort	Lina Castano-Duque
title	Flavonoids Modulate the Accumulation of Toxins From Aspergillus flavus in Maize Kernels
title_short	Flavonoids Modulate the Accumulation of Toxins From Aspergillus flavus in Maize Kernels
title_full	Flavonoids Modulate the Accumulation of Toxins From Aspergillus flavus in Maize Kernels
title_fullStr	Flavonoids Modulate the Accumulation of Toxins From Aspergillus flavus in Maize Kernels
title_full_unstemmed	Flavonoids Modulate the Accumulation of Toxins From Aspergillus flavus in Maize Kernels
title_sort	flavonoids modulate the accumulation of toxins from aspergillus flavus in maize kernels
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/740e147769bf46328712eab43b3e2b2d
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Flavonoids Modulate the Accumulation of Toxins From Aspergillus flavus in Maize Kernels

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