Strategy diversity stabilizes mutualism through investment cycles, phase polymorphism, and spatial bubbles.

There is continuing interest in understanding factors that facilitate the evolution and stability of cooperation within and between species. Such interactions will often involve plasticity in investment behavior, in response to the interacting partner's investments. Our aim here is to investiga...

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Autores principales:	Gergely Boza, Adám Kun, István Scheuring, Ulf Dieckmann
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/749224c1ed6a4342a0d9843680367cfa
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:749224c1ed6a4342a0d9843680367cfa2021-11-18T05:52:42ZStrategy diversity stabilizes mutualism through investment cycles, phase polymorphism, and spatial bubbles.1553-734X1553-735810.1371/journal.pcbi.1002660https://doaj.org/article/749224c1ed6a4342a0d9843680367cfa2012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23166478/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1553-734Xhttps://doaj.org/toc/1553-7358There is continuing interest in understanding factors that facilitate the evolution and stability of cooperation within and between species. Such interactions will often involve plasticity in investment behavior, in response to the interacting partner's investments. Our aim here is to investigate the evolution and stability of reciprocal investment behavior in interspecific interactions, a key phenomenon strongly supported by experimental observations. In particular, we present a comprehensive analysis of a continuous reciprocal investment game between mutualists, both in well-mixed and spatially structured populations, and we demonstrate a series of novel mechanisms for maintaining interspecific mutualism. We demonstrate that mutualistic partners invariably follow investment cycles, during which mutualism first increases, before both partners eventually reduce their investments to zero, so that these cycles always conclude with full defection. We show that the key mechanism for stabilizing mutualism is phase polymorphism along the investment cycle. Although mutualistic partners perpetually change their strategies, the community-level distribution of investment levels becomes stationary. In spatially structured populations, the maintenance of polymorphism is further facilitated by dynamic mosaic structures, in which mutualistic partners form expanding and collapsing spatial bubbles or clusters. Additionally, we reveal strategy-diversity thresholds, both for well-mixed and spatially structured mutualistic communities, and discuss factors for meeting these thresholds, and thus maintaining mutualism. Our results demonstrate that interspecific mutualism, when considered as plastic investment behavior, can be unstable, and, in agreement with empirical observations, may involve a polymorphism of investment levels, varying both in space and in time. Identifying the mechanisms maintaining such polymorphism, and hence mutualism in natural communities, provides a significant step towards understanding the coevolution and population dynamics of mutualistic interactions.Gergely BozaAdám KunIstván ScheuringUlf DieckmannPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENPLoS Computational Biology, Vol 8, Iss 11, p e1002660 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Gergely Boza Adám Kun István Scheuring Ulf Dieckmann Strategy diversity stabilizes mutualism through investment cycles, phase polymorphism, and spatial bubbles.
description	There is continuing interest in understanding factors that facilitate the evolution and stability of cooperation within and between species. Such interactions will often involve plasticity in investment behavior, in response to the interacting partner's investments. Our aim here is to investigate the evolution and stability of reciprocal investment behavior in interspecific interactions, a key phenomenon strongly supported by experimental observations. In particular, we present a comprehensive analysis of a continuous reciprocal investment game between mutualists, both in well-mixed and spatially structured populations, and we demonstrate a series of novel mechanisms for maintaining interspecific mutualism. We demonstrate that mutualistic partners invariably follow investment cycles, during which mutualism first increases, before both partners eventually reduce their investments to zero, so that these cycles always conclude with full defection. We show that the key mechanism for stabilizing mutualism is phase polymorphism along the investment cycle. Although mutualistic partners perpetually change their strategies, the community-level distribution of investment levels becomes stationary. In spatially structured populations, the maintenance of polymorphism is further facilitated by dynamic mosaic structures, in which mutualistic partners form expanding and collapsing spatial bubbles or clusters. Additionally, we reveal strategy-diversity thresholds, both for well-mixed and spatially structured mutualistic communities, and discuss factors for meeting these thresholds, and thus maintaining mutualism. Our results demonstrate that interspecific mutualism, when considered as plastic investment behavior, can be unstable, and, in agreement with empirical observations, may involve a polymorphism of investment levels, varying both in space and in time. Identifying the mechanisms maintaining such polymorphism, and hence mutualism in natural communities, provides a significant step towards understanding the coevolution and population dynamics of mutualistic interactions.
format	article
author	Gergely Boza Adám Kun István Scheuring Ulf Dieckmann
author_facet	Gergely Boza Adám Kun István Scheuring Ulf Dieckmann
author_sort	Gergely Boza
title	Strategy diversity stabilizes mutualism through investment cycles, phase polymorphism, and spatial bubbles.
title_short	Strategy diversity stabilizes mutualism through investment cycles, phase polymorphism, and spatial bubbles.
title_full	Strategy diversity stabilizes mutualism through investment cycles, phase polymorphism, and spatial bubbles.
title_fullStr	Strategy diversity stabilizes mutualism through investment cycles, phase polymorphism, and spatial bubbles.
title_full_unstemmed	Strategy diversity stabilizes mutualism through investment cycles, phase polymorphism, and spatial bubbles.
title_sort	strategy diversity stabilizes mutualism through investment cycles, phase polymorphism, and spatial bubbles.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/749224c1ed6a4342a0d9843680367cfa
work_keys_str_mv	AT gergelyboza strategydiversitystabilizesmutualismthroughinvestmentcyclesphasepolymorphismandspatialbubbles AT adamkun strategydiversitystabilizesmutualismthroughinvestmentcyclesphasepolymorphismandspatialbubbles AT istvanscheuring strategydiversitystabilizesmutualismthroughinvestmentcyclesphasepolymorphismandspatialbubbles AT ulfdieckmann strategydiversitystabilizesmutualismthroughinvestmentcyclesphasepolymorphismandspatialbubbles
_version_	1718424736271171584

Strategy diversity stabilizes mutualism through investment cycles, phase polymorphism, and spatial bubbles.

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