Distinct climate influences on the risk of typhoid compared to invasive non-typhoid Salmonella disease in Blantyre, Malawi

Abstract Invasive Salmonella diseases, both typhoid and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS), are seasonal bloodstream infections causing important morbidity and mortality globally in Africa. The reservoirs and transmission of both are not fully understood. We hypothesised that differences in th...

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Autores principales:	Deus Thindwa, Michael G. Chipeta, Marc Y. R. Henrion, Melita A. Gordon
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2019
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7493598838cb496a8fec3d139f0c0601
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7493598838cb496a8fec3d139f0c06012021-12-02T15:12:47ZDistinct climate influences on the risk of typhoid compared to invasive non-typhoid Salmonella disease in Blantyre, Malawi10.1038/s41598-019-56688-12045-2322https://doaj.org/article/7493598838cb496a8fec3d139f0c06012019-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56688-1https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Invasive Salmonella diseases, both typhoid and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS), are seasonal bloodstream infections causing important morbidity and mortality globally in Africa. The reservoirs and transmission of both are not fully understood. We hypothesised that differences in the time-lagged relationships of rainfall or temperature with typhoid and iNTS incidence might infer differences in epidemiology. We assessed the dynamics of invasive Salmonella incidence over a 16-year period of surveillance, quantifying incidence peaks, seasonal variations, and nonlinear effects of rainfall and temperature exposures on the relative risks of typhoid and iNTS, using monthly lags. An increased relative risk of iNTS incidence was short-lasting but immediate after the onset of the rains, whereas that of typhoid was long-lasting but with a two months delayed start, implying a possible difference in transmission. The relative-risk function of temperature for typhoid was bimodal, with higher risk at both lower (with a 1 month lag) and higher (with a ≥4 months lag) temperatures, possibly reflecting the known patterns of short and long cycle typhoid transmission. In contrast, the relative-risk of iNTS was only increased at lower temperatures, suggesting distinct transmission mechanisms. Environmental and sanitation control strategies may be different for iNTS compared to typhoid disease.Deus ThindwaMichael G. ChipetaMarc Y. R. HenrionMelita A. GordonNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Deus Thindwa Michael G. Chipeta Marc Y. R. Henrion Melita A. Gordon Distinct climate influences on the risk of typhoid compared to invasive non-typhoid Salmonella disease in Blantyre, Malawi
description	Abstract Invasive Salmonella diseases, both typhoid and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS), are seasonal bloodstream infections causing important morbidity and mortality globally in Africa. The reservoirs and transmission of both are not fully understood. We hypothesised that differences in the time-lagged relationships of rainfall or temperature with typhoid and iNTS incidence might infer differences in epidemiology. We assessed the dynamics of invasive Salmonella incidence over a 16-year period of surveillance, quantifying incidence peaks, seasonal variations, and nonlinear effects of rainfall and temperature exposures on the relative risks of typhoid and iNTS, using monthly lags. An increased relative risk of iNTS incidence was short-lasting but immediate after the onset of the rains, whereas that of typhoid was long-lasting but with a two months delayed start, implying a possible difference in transmission. The relative-risk function of temperature for typhoid was bimodal, with higher risk at both lower (with a 1 month lag) and higher (with a ≥4 months lag) temperatures, possibly reflecting the known patterns of short and long cycle typhoid transmission. In contrast, the relative-risk of iNTS was only increased at lower temperatures, suggesting distinct transmission mechanisms. Environmental and sanitation control strategies may be different for iNTS compared to typhoid disease.
format	article
author	Deus Thindwa Michael G. Chipeta Marc Y. R. Henrion Melita A. Gordon
author_facet	Deus Thindwa Michael G. Chipeta Marc Y. R. Henrion Melita A. Gordon
author_sort	Deus Thindwa
title	Distinct climate influences on the risk of typhoid compared to invasive non-typhoid Salmonella disease in Blantyre, Malawi
title_short	Distinct climate influences on the risk of typhoid compared to invasive non-typhoid Salmonella disease in Blantyre, Malawi
title_full	Distinct climate influences on the risk of typhoid compared to invasive non-typhoid Salmonella disease in Blantyre, Malawi
title_fullStr	Distinct climate influences on the risk of typhoid compared to invasive non-typhoid Salmonella disease in Blantyre, Malawi
title_full_unstemmed	Distinct climate influences on the risk of typhoid compared to invasive non-typhoid Salmonella disease in Blantyre, Malawi
title_sort	distinct climate influences on the risk of typhoid compared to invasive non-typhoid salmonella disease in blantyre, malawi
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/7493598838cb496a8fec3d139f0c0601
work_keys_str_mv	AT deusthindwa distinctclimateinfluencesontheriskoftyphoidcomparedtoinvasivenontyphoidsalmonelladiseaseinblantyremalawi AT michaelgchipeta distinctclimateinfluencesontheriskoftyphoidcomparedtoinvasivenontyphoidsalmonelladiseaseinblantyremalawi AT marcyrhenrion distinctclimateinfluencesontheriskoftyphoidcomparedtoinvasivenontyphoidsalmonelladiseaseinblantyremalawi AT melitaagordon distinctclimateinfluencesontheriskoftyphoidcomparedtoinvasivenontyphoidsalmonelladiseaseinblantyremalawi
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Distinct climate influences on the risk of typhoid compared to invasive non-typhoid Salmonella disease in Blantyre, Malawi

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