Polymicrobial Infections In Brain Tissue From Alzheimer’s Disease Patients

Abstract Several studies have advanced the idea that the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) could be microbial in origin. In the present study, we tested the possibility that polymicrobial infections exist in tissue from the entorhinal cortex/hippocampus region of patients with AD using immunohist...

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Autores principales:	Diana Pisa, Ruth Alonso, Ana M. Fernández-Fernández, Alberto Rábano, Luis Carrasco
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2017
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/74dc059f796d463491ad770255a4896a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:74dc059f796d463491ad770255a4896a2021-12-02T15:05:40ZPolymicrobial Infections In Brain Tissue From Alzheimer’s Disease Patients10.1038/s41598-017-05903-y2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/74dc059f796d463491ad770255a4896a2017-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05903-yhttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Several studies have advanced the idea that the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) could be microbial in origin. In the present study, we tested the possibility that polymicrobial infections exist in tissue from the entorhinal cortex/hippocampus region of patients with AD using immunohistochemistry (confocal laser scanning microscopy) and highly sensitive (nested) PCR. We found no evidence for expression of early (ICP0) or late (ICP5) proteins of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in brain sections. A polyclonal antibody against Borrelia detected structures that appeared not related to spirochetes, but rather to fungi. These structures were not found with a monoclonal antibody. Also, Borrelia DNA was undetectable by nested PCR in the ten patients analyzed. By contrast, two independent Chlamydophila antibodies revealed several structures that resembled fungal cells and hyphae, and prokaryotic cells, but most probably were unrelated to Chlamydophila spp. Finally, several structures that could belong to fungi or prokaryotes were detected using peptidoglycan and Clostridium antibodies, and PCR analysis revealed the presence of several bacteria in frozen brain tissue from AD patients. Thus, our results show that polymicrobial infections consisting of fungi and bacteria can be revealed in brain tissue from AD patients.Diana PisaRuth AlonsoAna M. Fernández-FernándezAlberto RábanoLuis CarrascoNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Diana Pisa Ruth Alonso Ana M. Fernández-Fernández Alberto Rábano Luis Carrasco Polymicrobial Infections In Brain Tissue From Alzheimer’s Disease Patients
description	Abstract Several studies have advanced the idea that the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) could be microbial in origin. In the present study, we tested the possibility that polymicrobial infections exist in tissue from the entorhinal cortex/hippocampus region of patients with AD using immunohistochemistry (confocal laser scanning microscopy) and highly sensitive (nested) PCR. We found no evidence for expression of early (ICP0) or late (ICP5) proteins of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in brain sections. A polyclonal antibody against Borrelia detected structures that appeared not related to spirochetes, but rather to fungi. These structures were not found with a monoclonal antibody. Also, Borrelia DNA was undetectable by nested PCR in the ten patients analyzed. By contrast, two independent Chlamydophila antibodies revealed several structures that resembled fungal cells and hyphae, and prokaryotic cells, but most probably were unrelated to Chlamydophila spp. Finally, several structures that could belong to fungi or prokaryotes were detected using peptidoglycan and Clostridium antibodies, and PCR analysis revealed the presence of several bacteria in frozen brain tissue from AD patients. Thus, our results show that polymicrobial infections consisting of fungi and bacteria can be revealed in brain tissue from AD patients.
format	article
author	Diana Pisa Ruth Alonso Ana M. Fernández-Fernández Alberto Rábano Luis Carrasco
author_facet	Diana Pisa Ruth Alonso Ana M. Fernández-Fernández Alberto Rábano Luis Carrasco
author_sort	Diana Pisa
title	Polymicrobial Infections In Brain Tissue From Alzheimer’s Disease Patients
title_short	Polymicrobial Infections In Brain Tissue From Alzheimer’s Disease Patients
title_full	Polymicrobial Infections In Brain Tissue From Alzheimer’s Disease Patients
title_fullStr	Polymicrobial Infections In Brain Tissue From Alzheimer’s Disease Patients
title_full_unstemmed	Polymicrobial Infections In Brain Tissue From Alzheimer’s Disease Patients
title_sort	polymicrobial infections in brain tissue from alzheimer’s disease patients
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/74dc059f796d463491ad770255a4896a
work_keys_str_mv	AT dianapisa polymicrobialinfectionsinbraintissuefromalzheimersdiseasepatients AT ruthalonso polymicrobialinfectionsinbraintissuefromalzheimersdiseasepatients AT anamfernandezfernandez polymicrobialinfectionsinbraintissuefromalzheimersdiseasepatients AT albertorabano polymicrobialinfectionsinbraintissuefromalzheimersdiseasepatients AT luiscarrasco polymicrobialinfectionsinbraintissuefromalzheimersdiseasepatients
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Polymicrobial Infections In Brain Tissue From Alzheimer’s Disease Patients

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