Deconstructing virus condensation.

Viruses have evolved precise mechanisms for using the cellular physiological pathways for their perpetuation. These virus-driven biochemical events must be separated in space and time from those of the host cell. In recent years, granular structures, known for over a century for rabies virus, were s...

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Autores principales:	Nora Lopez, Gabriela Camporeale, Mariano Salgueiro, Silvia Susana Borkosky, Araceli Visentín, Ramon Peralta-Martinez, María Eugenia Loureiro, Gonzalo de Prat-Gay
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7530452a7b9643dd93f5a3bd477c7a2a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7530452a7b9643dd93f5a3bd477c7a2a2021-12-02T20:00:01ZDeconstructing virus condensation.1553-73661553-737410.1371/journal.ppat.1009926https://doaj.org/article/7530452a7b9643dd93f5a3bd477c7a2a2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009926https://doaj.org/toc/1553-7366https://doaj.org/toc/1553-7374Viruses have evolved precise mechanisms for using the cellular physiological pathways for their perpetuation. These virus-driven biochemical events must be separated in space and time from those of the host cell. In recent years, granular structures, known for over a century for rabies virus, were shown to host viral gene function and were named using terms such as viroplasms, replication sites, inclusion bodies, or viral factories (VFs). More recently, these VFs were shown to be liquid-like, sharing properties with membrane-less organelles driven by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in a process widely referred to as biomolecular condensation. Some of the best described examples of these structures come from negative stranded RNA viruses, where micrometer size VFs are formed toward the end of the infectious cycle. We here discuss some basic principles of LLPS in connection with several examples of VFs and propose a view, which integrates viral replication mechanisms with the biochemistry underlying liquid-like organelles. In this view, viral protein and RNA components gradually accumulate up to a critical point during infection where phase separation is triggered. This yields an increase in transcription that leads in turn to increased translation and a consequent growth of initially formed condensates. According to chemical principles behind phase separation, an increase in the concentration of components increases the size of the condensate. A positive feedback cycle would thus generate in which crucial components, in particular nucleoproteins and viral polymerases, reach their highest levels required for genome replication. Progress in understanding viral biomolecular condensation leads to exploration of novel therapeutics. Furthermore, it provides insights into the fundamentals of phase separation in the regulation of cellular gene function given that virus replication and transcription, in particular those requiring host polymerases, are governed by the same biochemical principles.Nora LopezGabriela CamporealeMariano SalgueiroSilvia Susana BorkoskyAraceli VisentínRamon Peralta-MartinezMaría Eugenia LoureiroGonzalo de Prat-GayPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleImmunologic diseases. AllergyRC581-607Biology (General)QH301-705.5ENPLoS Pathogens, Vol 17, Iss 10, p e1009926 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Nora Lopez Gabriela Camporeale Mariano Salgueiro Silvia Susana Borkosky Araceli Visentín Ramon Peralta-Martinez María Eugenia Loureiro Gonzalo de Prat-Gay Deconstructing virus condensation.
description	Viruses have evolved precise mechanisms for using the cellular physiological pathways for their perpetuation. These virus-driven biochemical events must be separated in space and time from those of the host cell. In recent years, granular structures, known for over a century for rabies virus, were shown to host viral gene function and were named using terms such as viroplasms, replication sites, inclusion bodies, or viral factories (VFs). More recently, these VFs were shown to be liquid-like, sharing properties with membrane-less organelles driven by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in a process widely referred to as biomolecular condensation. Some of the best described examples of these structures come from negative stranded RNA viruses, where micrometer size VFs are formed toward the end of the infectious cycle. We here discuss some basic principles of LLPS in connection with several examples of VFs and propose a view, which integrates viral replication mechanisms with the biochemistry underlying liquid-like organelles. In this view, viral protein and RNA components gradually accumulate up to a critical point during infection where phase separation is triggered. This yields an increase in transcription that leads in turn to increased translation and a consequent growth of initially formed condensates. According to chemical principles behind phase separation, an increase in the concentration of components increases the size of the condensate. A positive feedback cycle would thus generate in which crucial components, in particular nucleoproteins and viral polymerases, reach their highest levels required for genome replication. Progress in understanding viral biomolecular condensation leads to exploration of novel therapeutics. Furthermore, it provides insights into the fundamentals of phase separation in the regulation of cellular gene function given that virus replication and transcription, in particular those requiring host polymerases, are governed by the same biochemical principles.
format	article
author	Nora Lopez Gabriela Camporeale Mariano Salgueiro Silvia Susana Borkosky Araceli Visentín Ramon Peralta-Martinez María Eugenia Loureiro Gonzalo de Prat-Gay
author_facet	Nora Lopez Gabriela Camporeale Mariano Salgueiro Silvia Susana Borkosky Araceli Visentín Ramon Peralta-Martinez María Eugenia Loureiro Gonzalo de Prat-Gay
author_sort	Nora Lopez
title	Deconstructing virus condensation.
title_short	Deconstructing virus condensation.
title_full	Deconstructing virus condensation.
title_fullStr	Deconstructing virus condensation.
title_full_unstemmed	Deconstructing virus condensation.
title_sort	deconstructing virus condensation.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7530452a7b9643dd93f5a3bd477c7a2a
work_keys_str_mv	AT noralopez deconstructingviruscondensation AT gabrielacamporeale deconstructingviruscondensation AT marianosalgueiro deconstructingviruscondensation AT silviasusanaborkosky deconstructingviruscondensation AT aracelivisentin deconstructingviruscondensation AT ramonperaltamartinez deconstructingviruscondensation AT mariaeugenialoureiro deconstructingviruscondensation AT gonzalodepratgay deconstructingviruscondensation
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Deconstructing virus condensation.

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