A Wind–Wave-Dependent Sea Spray Volume Flux Model Based on Field Experiments

Sea spray can contribute significantly to the exchanges of heat and momentum across the air–sea interface. However, while critical, sea spray physics are typically not included in operational atmospheric and oceanic models due to large uncertainties in their parameterizations. In large part, this is...

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Autores principales:	Xingkun Xu, Joey J. Voermans, Hongyu Ma, Changlong Guan, Alexander V. Babanin
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	laser altimeter sea spray measurements sea spray model wave steepness air–sea flux Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/756f04e4bef04470b7bc06e24d240e6e
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:756f04e4bef04470b7bc06e24d240e6e
record_format	dspace
spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:756f04e4bef04470b7bc06e24d240e6e2021-11-25T18:03:52ZA Wind–Wave-Dependent Sea Spray Volume Flux Model Based on Field Experiments10.3390/jmse91111682077-1312https://doaj.org/article/756f04e4bef04470b7bc06e24d240e6e2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/11/1168https://doaj.org/toc/2077-1312Sea spray can contribute significantly to the exchanges of heat and momentum across the air–sea interface. However, while critical, sea spray physics are typically not included in operational atmospheric and oceanic models due to large uncertainties in their parameterizations. In large part, this is because of the scarcity of in-situ sea spray observations which prevent rigorous validation of existing sea spray models. Moreover, while sea spray is critically produced through the fundamental interactions between wind and waves, traditionally, sea spray models are parameterized in terms of wind properties only. In this study, we present novel in-situ observations of sea spray derived from a laser altimeter through the adoption of the Beer–Lambert law. Observations of sea spray cover a broad range of wind and wave properties and are used to develop a wind–wave-dependent sea spray volume flux model. Improved performance of the model is observed when wave properties are included, in contrast to a parameterization based on wind properties alone. The novel in-situ sea spray observations and the predictive model derived here are consistent with the classic spray model in both trend and magnitude. Our model and novel observations provide opportunities to improve the prediction of air–sea fluxes in operational weather forecasting models.Xingkun XuJoey J. VoermansHongyu MaChanglong GuanAlexander V. BabaninMDPI AGarticlelaser altimetersea spray measurementssea spray modelwave steepnessair–sea fluxNaval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineeringVM1-989OceanographyGC1-1581ENJournal of Marine Science and Engineering, Vol 9, Iss 1168, p 1168 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	laser altimeter sea spray measurements sea spray model wave steepness air–sea flux Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581
spellingShingle	laser altimeter sea spray measurements sea spray model wave steepness air–sea flux Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581 Xingkun Xu Joey J. Voermans Hongyu Ma Changlong Guan Alexander V. Babanin A Wind–Wave-Dependent Sea Spray Volume Flux Model Based on Field Experiments
description	Sea spray can contribute significantly to the exchanges of heat and momentum across the air–sea interface. However, while critical, sea spray physics are typically not included in operational atmospheric and oceanic models due to large uncertainties in their parameterizations. In large part, this is because of the scarcity of in-situ sea spray observations which prevent rigorous validation of existing sea spray models. Moreover, while sea spray is critically produced through the fundamental interactions between wind and waves, traditionally, sea spray models are parameterized in terms of wind properties only. In this study, we present novel in-situ observations of sea spray derived from a laser altimeter through the adoption of the Beer–Lambert law. Observations of sea spray cover a broad range of wind and wave properties and are used to develop a wind–wave-dependent sea spray volume flux model. Improved performance of the model is observed when wave properties are included, in contrast to a parameterization based on wind properties alone. The novel in-situ sea spray observations and the predictive model derived here are consistent with the classic spray model in both trend and magnitude. Our model and novel observations provide opportunities to improve the prediction of air–sea fluxes in operational weather forecasting models.
format	article
author	Xingkun Xu Joey J. Voermans Hongyu Ma Changlong Guan Alexander V. Babanin
author_facet	Xingkun Xu Joey J. Voermans Hongyu Ma Changlong Guan Alexander V. Babanin
author_sort	Xingkun Xu
title	A Wind–Wave-Dependent Sea Spray Volume Flux Model Based on Field Experiments
title_short	A Wind–Wave-Dependent Sea Spray Volume Flux Model Based on Field Experiments
title_full	A Wind–Wave-Dependent Sea Spray Volume Flux Model Based on Field Experiments
title_fullStr	A Wind–Wave-Dependent Sea Spray Volume Flux Model Based on Field Experiments
title_full_unstemmed	A Wind–Wave-Dependent Sea Spray Volume Flux Model Based on Field Experiments
title_sort	wind–wave-dependent sea spray volume flux model based on field experiments
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/756f04e4bef04470b7bc06e24d240e6e
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_version_	1718411686791086080

A Wind–Wave-Dependent Sea Spray Volume Flux Model Based on Field Experiments

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