Investigating Colonization of the Healthy Adult Gastrointestinal Tract by Fungi

ABSTRACT A wide diversity of fungi have been detected in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract with the potential to provide or influence important functions. However, many of the fungi most commonly detected in stool samples are also present in food or the oral cavity. Therefore, to recognize which...

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Autores principales:	Thomas A. Auchtung, Tatiana Y. Fofanova, Christopher J. Stewart, Andrea K. Nash, Matthew C. Wong, Jonathan R. Gesell, Jennifer M. Auchtung, Nadim J. Ajami, Joseph F. Petrosino
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2018
Materias:	colonization diet fungi gastrointestinal tract mycobiome saliva Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/75cafa95d4c5466fba9f9b32a60f3597
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:75cafa95d4c5466fba9f9b32a60f35972021-11-15T15:22:13ZInvestigating Colonization of the Healthy Adult Gastrointestinal Tract by Fungi10.1128/mSphere.00092-182379-5042https://doaj.org/article/75cafa95d4c5466fba9f9b32a60f35972018-04-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00092-18https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5042ABSTRACT A wide diversity of fungi have been detected in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract with the potential to provide or influence important functions. However, many of the fungi most commonly detected in stool samples are also present in food or the oral cavity. Therefore, to recognize which gut fungi are likely to have a sustained influence on human health, there is a need to separate transient members of the GI tract from true colonizers. To identify colonizing fungi, the eukaryotic rRNA operon’s second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) was sequenced from the stool, saliva, and food of healthy adults following consumption of different controlled diets. Unlike most bacterial 16S rRNA genes, the only fungal ITS2 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected in stool DNA across multiple diets were also present in saliva and/or food. Additional analyses, including culture-based approaches and sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene, ITS2 cDNA, and DNA extracted using alternative methods, failed to detect additional fungi. Two abundant fungi, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans, were examined further in healthy volunteers. Saccharomyces became undetectable in stool when a S. cerevisiae-free diet was consumed, and the levels of C. albicans in stool were dramatically reduced by more frequent cleaning of teeth. Extremely low fungal abundance, the inability of fungi to grow under conditions mimicking the distal gut, and evidence from analysis of other public datasets further support the hypothesis that fungi do not routinely colonize the GI tracts of healthy adults. IMPORTANCE We sought to identify the fungi that colonize healthy GI tracts and that have a sustained influence on the diverse functions of the gut microbiome. Instead, we found that all fungi in the stool of healthy volunteers could be explained by their presence in oral and dietary sources and that our results, together with those from other analyses, support the model that there is little or no gastrointestinal colonization by fungi. This may be due to Westernization, primate evolution, fungal ecology, and/or the strong defenses of a healthy immune system. Importantly, fungal colonization of the GI tract may often be indicative of disease. As fungi can cause serious infections in immunocompromised individuals and are found at increased abundance in multiple disorders of the GI tract, understanding normal fungal colonization is essential for proper treatment and prevention of fungal pathogenesis.Thomas A. AuchtungTatiana Y. FofanovaChristopher J. StewartAndrea K. NashMatthew C. WongJonathan R. GesellJennifer M. AuchtungNadim J. AjamiJoseph F. PetrosinoAmerican Society for Microbiologyarticlecolonizationdietfungigastrointestinal tractmycobiomesalivaMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSphere, Vol 3, Iss 2 (2018)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	colonization diet fungi gastrointestinal tract mycobiome saliva Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	colonization diet fungi gastrointestinal tract mycobiome saliva Microbiology QR1-502 Thomas A. Auchtung Tatiana Y. Fofanova Christopher J. Stewart Andrea K. Nash Matthew C. Wong Jonathan R. Gesell Jennifer M. Auchtung Nadim J. Ajami Joseph F. Petrosino Investigating Colonization of the Healthy Adult Gastrointestinal Tract by Fungi
description	ABSTRACT A wide diversity of fungi have been detected in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract with the potential to provide or influence important functions. However, many of the fungi most commonly detected in stool samples are also present in food or the oral cavity. Therefore, to recognize which gut fungi are likely to have a sustained influence on human health, there is a need to separate transient members of the GI tract from true colonizers. To identify colonizing fungi, the eukaryotic rRNA operon’s second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) was sequenced from the stool, saliva, and food of healthy adults following consumption of different controlled diets. Unlike most bacterial 16S rRNA genes, the only fungal ITS2 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected in stool DNA across multiple diets were also present in saliva and/or food. Additional analyses, including culture-based approaches and sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene, ITS2 cDNA, and DNA extracted using alternative methods, failed to detect additional fungi. Two abundant fungi, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans, were examined further in healthy volunteers. Saccharomyces became undetectable in stool when a S. cerevisiae-free diet was consumed, and the levels of C. albicans in stool were dramatically reduced by more frequent cleaning of teeth. Extremely low fungal abundance, the inability of fungi to grow under conditions mimicking the distal gut, and evidence from analysis of other public datasets further support the hypothesis that fungi do not routinely colonize the GI tracts of healthy adults. IMPORTANCE We sought to identify the fungi that colonize healthy GI tracts and that have a sustained influence on the diverse functions of the gut microbiome. Instead, we found that all fungi in the stool of healthy volunteers could be explained by their presence in oral and dietary sources and that our results, together with those from other analyses, support the model that there is little or no gastrointestinal colonization by fungi. This may be due to Westernization, primate evolution, fungal ecology, and/or the strong defenses of a healthy immune system. Importantly, fungal colonization of the GI tract may often be indicative of disease. As fungi can cause serious infections in immunocompromised individuals and are found at increased abundance in multiple disorders of the GI tract, understanding normal fungal colonization is essential for proper treatment and prevention of fungal pathogenesis.
format	article
author	Thomas A. Auchtung Tatiana Y. Fofanova Christopher J. Stewart Andrea K. Nash Matthew C. Wong Jonathan R. Gesell Jennifer M. Auchtung Nadim J. Ajami Joseph F. Petrosino
author_facet	Thomas A. Auchtung Tatiana Y. Fofanova Christopher J. Stewart Andrea K. Nash Matthew C. Wong Jonathan R. Gesell Jennifer M. Auchtung Nadim J. Ajami Joseph F. Petrosino
author_sort	Thomas A. Auchtung
title	Investigating Colonization of the Healthy Adult Gastrointestinal Tract by Fungi
title_short	Investigating Colonization of the Healthy Adult Gastrointestinal Tract by Fungi
title_full	Investigating Colonization of the Healthy Adult Gastrointestinal Tract by Fungi
title_fullStr	Investigating Colonization of the Healthy Adult Gastrointestinal Tract by Fungi
title_full_unstemmed	Investigating Colonization of the Healthy Adult Gastrointestinal Tract by Fungi
title_sort	investigating colonization of the healthy adult gastrointestinal tract by fungi
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2018
url	https://doaj.org/article/75cafa95d4c5466fba9f9b32a60f3597
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Investigating Colonization of the Healthy Adult Gastrointestinal Tract by Fungi

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