Host Range Restriction of Insect-Specific Flaviviruses Occurs at Several Levels of the Viral Life Cycle

ABSTRACT The genus Flavivirus contains emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) infecting vertebrates, as well as insect-specific viruses (ISVs) (i.e., viruses whose host range is restricted to insects). ISVs are evolutionary precursors to arboviruses. Knowledge of the nature of the ISV infect...

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Autores principales:	Sandra Junglen, Marvin Korries, Wolfgang Grasse, Janett Wieseler, Anne Kopp, Kyra Hermanns, Moises León-Juárez, Christian Drosten, Beate Mareike Kümmerer
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2017
Materias:	insect-specific flavivirus host range restriction infection barriers Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/75e3c29c6fc94d5d83aaf0218cd4eba6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:75e3c29c6fc94d5d83aaf0218cd4eba62021-11-15T15:22:03ZHost Range Restriction of Insect-Specific Flaviviruses Occurs at Several Levels of the Viral Life Cycle10.1128/mSphere.00375-162379-5042https://doaj.org/article/75e3c29c6fc94d5d83aaf0218cd4eba62017-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00375-16https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5042ABSTRACT The genus Flavivirus contains emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) infecting vertebrates, as well as insect-specific viruses (ISVs) (i.e., viruses whose host range is restricted to insects). ISVs are evolutionary precursors to arboviruses. Knowledge of the nature of the ISV infection block in vertebrates could identify functions necessary for the expansion of the host range toward vertebrates. Mapping of host restrictions by complementation of ISV and arbovirus genome functions could generate knowledge critical to predicting arbovirus emergence. Here we isolated a novel flavivirus, termed Niénokoué virus (NIEV), from mosquitoes sampled in Côte d’Ivoire. NIEV groups with insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) in phylogeny and grows in insect cells but not in vertebrate cells. We generated an infectious NIEV cDNA clone and a NIEV reporter replicon to study growth restrictions of NIEV in comparison to yellow fever virus (YFV), for which the same tools are available. Efficient RNA replication of the NIEV reporter replicon was observed in insect cells but not in vertebrate cells. Initial translation of the input replicon RNA in vertebrate cells was functional, but RNA replication did not occur. Chimeric YFV carrying the envelope proteins of NIEV was recovered via electroporation in C6/36 insect cells but did not infect vertebrate cells, indicating a block at the level of entry. Since the YF/NIEV chimera readily produced infectious particles in insect cells but not in vertebrate cells despite efficient RNA replication, restriction is also determined at the level of assembly/release. Taking the results together, the ability of ISF to infect vertebrates is blocked at several levels, including attachment/entry and RNA replication as well as assembly/release. IMPORTANCE Most viruses of the genus Flavivirus, e.g., YFV and dengue virus, are mosquito borne and transmitted to vertebrates during blood feeding of mosquitoes. Within the last decade, an increasing number of viruses with a host range exclusively restricted to insects in close relationship to the vertebrate-pathogenic flaviviruses were discovered in mosquitoes. To identify barriers that could block the arboviral vertebrate tropism, we set out to identify the steps at which the ISF replication cycle fails in vertebrates. Our studies revealed blocks at several levels, suggesting that flavivirus host range expansion from insects to vertebrates was a complex process that involved overcoming multiple barriers.Sandra JunglenMarvin KorriesWolfgang GrasseJanett WieselerAnne KoppKyra HermannsMoises León-JuárezChristian DrostenBeate Mareike KümmererAmerican Society for Microbiologyarticleinsect-specific flavivirushost range restrictioninfection barriersMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSphere, Vol 2, Iss 1 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	insect-specific flavivirus host range restriction infection barriers Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	insect-specific flavivirus host range restriction infection barriers Microbiology QR1-502 Sandra Junglen Marvin Korries Wolfgang Grasse Janett Wieseler Anne Kopp Kyra Hermanns Moises León-Juárez Christian Drosten Beate Mareike Kümmerer Host Range Restriction of Insect-Specific Flaviviruses Occurs at Several Levels of the Viral Life Cycle
description	ABSTRACT The genus Flavivirus contains emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) infecting vertebrates, as well as insect-specific viruses (ISVs) (i.e., viruses whose host range is restricted to insects). ISVs are evolutionary precursors to arboviruses. Knowledge of the nature of the ISV infection block in vertebrates could identify functions necessary for the expansion of the host range toward vertebrates. Mapping of host restrictions by complementation of ISV and arbovirus genome functions could generate knowledge critical to predicting arbovirus emergence. Here we isolated a novel flavivirus, termed Niénokoué virus (NIEV), from mosquitoes sampled in Côte d’Ivoire. NIEV groups with insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) in phylogeny and grows in insect cells but not in vertebrate cells. We generated an infectious NIEV cDNA clone and a NIEV reporter replicon to study growth restrictions of NIEV in comparison to yellow fever virus (YFV), for which the same tools are available. Efficient RNA replication of the NIEV reporter replicon was observed in insect cells but not in vertebrate cells. Initial translation of the input replicon RNA in vertebrate cells was functional, but RNA replication did not occur. Chimeric YFV carrying the envelope proteins of NIEV was recovered via electroporation in C6/36 insect cells but did not infect vertebrate cells, indicating a block at the level of entry. Since the YF/NIEV chimera readily produced infectious particles in insect cells but not in vertebrate cells despite efficient RNA replication, restriction is also determined at the level of assembly/release. Taking the results together, the ability of ISF to infect vertebrates is blocked at several levels, including attachment/entry and RNA replication as well as assembly/release. IMPORTANCE Most viruses of the genus Flavivirus, e.g., YFV and dengue virus, are mosquito borne and transmitted to vertebrates during blood feeding of mosquitoes. Within the last decade, an increasing number of viruses with a host range exclusively restricted to insects in close relationship to the vertebrate-pathogenic flaviviruses were discovered in mosquitoes. To identify barriers that could block the arboviral vertebrate tropism, we set out to identify the steps at which the ISF replication cycle fails in vertebrates. Our studies revealed blocks at several levels, suggesting that flavivirus host range expansion from insects to vertebrates was a complex process that involved overcoming multiple barriers.
format	article
author	Sandra Junglen Marvin Korries Wolfgang Grasse Janett Wieseler Anne Kopp Kyra Hermanns Moises León-Juárez Christian Drosten Beate Mareike Kümmerer
author_facet	Sandra Junglen Marvin Korries Wolfgang Grasse Janett Wieseler Anne Kopp Kyra Hermanns Moises León-Juárez Christian Drosten Beate Mareike Kümmerer
author_sort	Sandra Junglen
title	Host Range Restriction of Insect-Specific Flaviviruses Occurs at Several Levels of the Viral Life Cycle
title_short	Host Range Restriction of Insect-Specific Flaviviruses Occurs at Several Levels of the Viral Life Cycle
title_full	Host Range Restriction of Insect-Specific Flaviviruses Occurs at Several Levels of the Viral Life Cycle
title_fullStr	Host Range Restriction of Insect-Specific Flaviviruses Occurs at Several Levels of the Viral Life Cycle
title_full_unstemmed	Host Range Restriction of Insect-Specific Flaviviruses Occurs at Several Levels of the Viral Life Cycle
title_sort	host range restriction of insect-specific flaviviruses occurs at several levels of the viral life cycle
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/75e3c29c6fc94d5d83aaf0218cd4eba6
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Host Range Restriction of Insect-Specific Flaviviruses Occurs at Several Levels of the Viral Life Cycle

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