Altitude conditions seem to determine the evolution of COVID-19 in Brazil

Abstract COVID-19 is spreading rapidly in Brazil, a country of continental dimensions, but the incidence of the disease is showing to be very heterogeneous, affecting cities and regions differently. Thus, there is a gap regarding what factors would contribute to accentuate the differences in the inc...

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Autores principales:	José Sebastião Cunha Fernandes, Ricardo Siqueira da Silva, Alexandre Christófaro Silva, Daniel Campos Villela, Vanessa Amaral Mendonça, Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/767f8091cc5a4a489b4a73e4af93094c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:767f8091cc5a4a489b4a73e4af93094c2021-12-02T14:28:18ZAltitude conditions seem to determine the evolution of COVID-19 in Brazil10.1038/s41598-021-83971-x2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/767f8091cc5a4a489b4a73e4af93094c2021-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83971-xhttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract COVID-19 is spreading rapidly in Brazil, a country of continental dimensions, but the incidence of the disease is showing to be very heterogeneous, affecting cities and regions differently. Thus, there is a gap regarding what factors would contribute to accentuate the differences in the incidence of COVID-19 among Brazilian cities. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of altitude on the incidence of COVID-19 in Brazilian cities. We analyzed the relative incidence (RI), the relative death rate (RDR) of COVID-19, and air relative humidity (RH) in all 154 cities in Brazil with a population above 200 thousand inhabitants, located between 5 and 1135 m in altitude. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to compare a relationship between altitude with RI and RDR, and between RH with RI and RDR. Altitudes were classified into three classes [low (altitude ≤ 97 m a. s. l), middle (97 < altitude ≤ 795 m a. s. l), high (795 < altitude ≤ 1135 m a. s. l)] for the RI, RDR, and RH variables. To compare the three classes of altitude, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test were used to compare averages (p < 0.05). Our epidemiological analysis found that the RI, RDR, and RH were lower in cities located in high altitudes (795 < altitude ≤ 1135 m a. s. l) when compared to the middle (97 < altitude ≤ 795 m a. s. l) and low (altitude ≤ 97 m a. s. l) cities altitudes. Furthermore, our study shows that there is a negative correlation between the incidence of COVID-19 with altitude and a positive correlation with RH in the cities analyzed. Brazilian cities with high altitude and low RH have lower RI and RDR from COVID-19. Thus, high altitude cities may be favorable to shelter people at risk. This study may be useful for understanding the behavior of SARS-CoV2, and start point for future studies to establish causality of environmental conditions with SARS-CoV2 contributing to the implementation of measures to prevent and control the spread of COVID-19.José Sebastião Cunha FernandesRicardo Siqueira da SilvaAlexandre Christófaro SilvaDaniel Campos VillelaVanessa Amaral MendonçaAna Cristina Rodrigues LacerdaNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q José Sebastião Cunha Fernandes Ricardo Siqueira da Silva Alexandre Christófaro Silva Daniel Campos Villela Vanessa Amaral Mendonça Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda Altitude conditions seem to determine the evolution of COVID-19 in Brazil
description	Abstract COVID-19 is spreading rapidly in Brazil, a country of continental dimensions, but the incidence of the disease is showing to be very heterogeneous, affecting cities and regions differently. Thus, there is a gap regarding what factors would contribute to accentuate the differences in the incidence of COVID-19 among Brazilian cities. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of altitude on the incidence of COVID-19 in Brazilian cities. We analyzed the relative incidence (RI), the relative death rate (RDR) of COVID-19, and air relative humidity (RH) in all 154 cities in Brazil with a population above 200 thousand inhabitants, located between 5 and 1135 m in altitude. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to compare a relationship between altitude with RI and RDR, and between RH with RI and RDR. Altitudes were classified into three classes [low (altitude ≤ 97 m a. s. l), middle (97 < altitude ≤ 795 m a. s. l), high (795 < altitude ≤ 1135 m a. s. l)] for the RI, RDR, and RH variables. To compare the three classes of altitude, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test were used to compare averages (p < 0.05). Our epidemiological analysis found that the RI, RDR, and RH were lower in cities located in high altitudes (795 < altitude ≤ 1135 m a. s. l) when compared to the middle (97 < altitude ≤ 795 m a. s. l) and low (altitude ≤ 97 m a. s. l) cities altitudes. Furthermore, our study shows that there is a negative correlation between the incidence of COVID-19 with altitude and a positive correlation with RH in the cities analyzed. Brazilian cities with high altitude and low RH have lower RI and RDR from COVID-19. Thus, high altitude cities may be favorable to shelter people at risk. This study may be useful for understanding the behavior of SARS-CoV2, and start point for future studies to establish causality of environmental conditions with SARS-CoV2 contributing to the implementation of measures to prevent and control the spread of COVID-19.
format	article
author	José Sebastião Cunha Fernandes Ricardo Siqueira da Silva Alexandre Christófaro Silva Daniel Campos Villela Vanessa Amaral Mendonça Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda
author_facet	José Sebastião Cunha Fernandes Ricardo Siqueira da Silva Alexandre Christófaro Silva Daniel Campos Villela Vanessa Amaral Mendonça Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda
author_sort	José Sebastião Cunha Fernandes
title	Altitude conditions seem to determine the evolution of COVID-19 in Brazil
title_short	Altitude conditions seem to determine the evolution of COVID-19 in Brazil
title_full	Altitude conditions seem to determine the evolution of COVID-19 in Brazil
title_fullStr	Altitude conditions seem to determine the evolution of COVID-19 in Brazil
title_full_unstemmed	Altitude conditions seem to determine the evolution of COVID-19 in Brazil
title_sort	altitude conditions seem to determine the evolution of covid-19 in brazil
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/767f8091cc5a4a489b4a73e4af93094c
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Altitude conditions seem to determine the evolution of COVID-19 in Brazil

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