Variability of Heat and Water Fluxes in the Red Sea Using ERA5 Data (1981–2020)

The study of heat and water fluxes is one of the most essential components for understanding the interactions and exchanges between the ocean and atmosphere. Heat transfer across the air–sea interface is an important process in ocean–atmosphere dynamics. In this study, a 40-year (1981–2020) high-res...

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Autores principales:	Hazem Nagy, Bayoumy Mohamed, Omneya Ibrahim
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Red Sea surface net heat flux water flux evaporation trend ERA-5 Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7797a178975b4eb8b6a2808689c79fa4
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:7797a178975b4eb8b6a2808689c79fa4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7797a178975b4eb8b6a2808689c79fa42021-11-25T18:04:59ZVariability of Heat and Water Fluxes in the Red Sea Using ERA5 Data (1981–2020)10.3390/jmse91112762077-1312https://doaj.org/article/7797a178975b4eb8b6a2808689c79fa42021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/11/1276https://doaj.org/toc/2077-1312The study of heat and water fluxes is one of the most essential components for understanding the interactions and exchanges between the ocean and atmosphere. Heat transfer across the air–sea interface is an important process in ocean–atmosphere dynamics. In this study, a 40-year (1981–2020) high-resolution (0.25° × 0.25°) ERA-5 reanalysis dataset from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is used to estimate the variability and trends of heat and water flux components in the Red Sea. The results show that the surface net heat flux is negative (loss) in the Northern Red Sea (NRS) and positive (gain) in the Southern Red Sea (SRS). The highest seasonal surface net heat flux is observed in the spring and early summer, while the lowest is reported in the winter. A significant linear trend is found in the surface net heat flux over the NRS and SRS, with values of about −0.12 ± 0.052 (W/m<sup>2</sup>)/yr and +0.20 ± 0.021 (W/m<sup>2</sup>)/yr, respectively. The annual mean surface net water flux loss to the atmosphere over the entire Red Sea is +1.46 ± 0.23 m/yr. The seasonal surface net water flux peak occurs in winter as a result of the northeast monsoon wind, which increases evaporation rate over the whole length of the Red Sea. The highest surface net water flux (+2.1 m/yr) is detected during 2020, while the lowest value (+1.3 m/yr) is observed during 1985.Hazem NagyBayoumy MohamedOmneya IbrahimMDPI AGarticleRed Seasurface net heat fluxwater fluxevaporationtrendERA-5Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineeringVM1-989OceanographyGC1-1581ENJournal of Marine Science and Engineering, Vol 9, Iss 1276, p 1276 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Red Sea surface net heat flux water flux evaporation trend ERA-5 Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581
spellingShingle	Red Sea surface net heat flux water flux evaporation trend ERA-5 Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581 Hazem Nagy Bayoumy Mohamed Omneya Ibrahim Variability of Heat and Water Fluxes in the Red Sea Using ERA5 Data (1981–2020)
description	The study of heat and water fluxes is one of the most essential components for understanding the interactions and exchanges between the ocean and atmosphere. Heat transfer across the air–sea interface is an important process in ocean–atmosphere dynamics. In this study, a 40-year (1981–2020) high-resolution (0.25° × 0.25°) ERA-5 reanalysis dataset from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is used to estimate the variability and trends of heat and water flux components in the Red Sea. The results show that the surface net heat flux is negative (loss) in the Northern Red Sea (NRS) and positive (gain) in the Southern Red Sea (SRS). The highest seasonal surface net heat flux is observed in the spring and early summer, while the lowest is reported in the winter. A significant linear trend is found in the surface net heat flux over the NRS and SRS, with values of about −0.12 ± 0.052 (W/m<sup>2</sup>)/yr and +0.20 ± 0.021 (W/m<sup>2</sup>)/yr, respectively. The annual mean surface net water flux loss to the atmosphere over the entire Red Sea is +1.46 ± 0.23 m/yr. The seasonal surface net water flux peak occurs in winter as a result of the northeast monsoon wind, which increases evaporation rate over the whole length of the Red Sea. The highest surface net water flux (+2.1 m/yr) is detected during 2020, while the lowest value (+1.3 m/yr) is observed during 1985.
format	article
author	Hazem Nagy Bayoumy Mohamed Omneya Ibrahim
author_facet	Hazem Nagy Bayoumy Mohamed Omneya Ibrahim
author_sort	Hazem Nagy
title	Variability of Heat and Water Fluxes in the Red Sea Using ERA5 Data (1981–2020)
title_short	Variability of Heat and Water Fluxes in the Red Sea Using ERA5 Data (1981–2020)
title_full	Variability of Heat and Water Fluxes in the Red Sea Using ERA5 Data (1981–2020)
title_fullStr	Variability of Heat and Water Fluxes in the Red Sea Using ERA5 Data (1981–2020)
title_full_unstemmed	Variability of Heat and Water Fluxes in the Red Sea Using ERA5 Data (1981–2020)
title_sort	variability of heat and water fluxes in the red sea using era5 data (1981–2020)
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7797a178975b4eb8b6a2808689c79fa4
work_keys_str_mv	AT hazemnagy variabilityofheatandwaterfluxesintheredseausingera5data19812020 AT bayoumymohamed variabilityofheatandwaterfluxesintheredseausingera5data19812020 AT omneyaibrahim variabilityofheatandwaterfluxesintheredseausingera5data19812020
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Variability of Heat and Water Fluxes in the Red Sea Using ERA5 Data (1981–2020)

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