Epidermis as a Platform for Bacterial Transmission

The epidermis constitutes a continuous external layer covering the body, offering protection against bacteria, the most abundant living organisms that come into contact with this barrier. The epidermis is heavily colonized by commensal bacterial organisms that help protect against pathogenic bacteri...

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Autores principales:	Fernando Baquero, Claudia Saralegui, Daniel Marcos-Mencía, Luna Ballestero, Sergio Vañó-Galván, Óscar M. Moreno-Arrones, Rosa del Campo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	epidermis microbiota bacterial transmission protection pathogens heterogeneity transmitters skin tribology Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/77cb67b1ab6941259087ec11c5aaa5d6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:77cb67b1ab6941259087ec11c5aaa5d62021-12-01T23:14:36ZEpidermis as a Platform for Bacterial Transmission1664-322410.3389/fimmu.2021.774018https://doaj.org/article/77cb67b1ab6941259087ec11c5aaa5d62021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.774018/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-3224The epidermis constitutes a continuous external layer covering the body, offering protection against bacteria, the most abundant living organisms that come into contact with this barrier. The epidermis is heavily colonized by commensal bacterial organisms that help protect against pathogenic bacteria. The highly regulated and dynamic interaction between the epidermis and commensals involves the host’s production of nutritional factors promoting bacterial growth together to chemical and immunological bacterial inhibitors. Signal trafficking ensures the system’s homeostasis; conditions that favor colonization by pathogens frequently foster commensal growth, thereby increasing the bacterial population size and inducing the skin’s antibacterial response, eliminating the pathogens and re-establishing the normal density of commensals. The microecological conditions of the epidermis favors Gram-positive organisms and are unsuitable for long-term Gram-negative colonization. However, the epidermis acts as the most important host-to-host transmission platform for bacteria, including those that colonize human mucous membranes. Bacteria are frequently shared by relatives, partners, and coworkers. The epidermal bacterial transmission platform of healthcare workers and visitors can contaminate hospitalized patients, eventually contributing to cross-infections. Epidermal transmission occurs mostly via the hands and particularly through fingers. The three-dimensional physical structure of the epidermis, particularly the fingertips, which have frictional ridges, multiplies the possibilities for bacterial adhesion and release. Research into the biology of bacterial transmission via the hands is still in its infancy; however, tribology, the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion, including friction, wear and lubrication, will certainly be an important part of it. Experiments on finger-to-finger transmission of microorganisms have shown significant interindividual differences in the ability to transmit microorganisms, presumably due to genetics, age, sex, and the gland density, which determines the physical, chemical, adhesive, nutritional, and immunological status of the epidermal surface. These studies are needed to optimize interventions and strategies for preventing the hand transmission of microorganisms.Fernando BaqueroFernando BaqueroClaudia SaraleguiDaniel Marcos-MencíaLuna BallesteroSergio Vañó-GalvánÓscar M. Moreno-ArronesRosa del CampoRosa del CampoRosa del CampoFrontiers Media S.A.articleepidermis microbiotabacterial transmissionprotection pathogensheterogeneity transmittersskin tribologyImmunologic diseases. AllergyRC581-607ENFrontiers in Immunology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	epidermis microbiota bacterial transmission protection pathogens heterogeneity transmitters skin tribology Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
spellingShingle	epidermis microbiota bacterial transmission protection pathogens heterogeneity transmitters skin tribology Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Fernando Baquero Fernando Baquero Claudia Saralegui Daniel Marcos-Mencía Luna Ballestero Sergio Vañó-Galván Óscar M. Moreno-Arrones Rosa del Campo Rosa del Campo Rosa del Campo Epidermis as a Platform for Bacterial Transmission
description	The epidermis constitutes a continuous external layer covering the body, offering protection against bacteria, the most abundant living organisms that come into contact with this barrier. The epidermis is heavily colonized by commensal bacterial organisms that help protect against pathogenic bacteria. The highly regulated and dynamic interaction between the epidermis and commensals involves the host’s production of nutritional factors promoting bacterial growth together to chemical and immunological bacterial inhibitors. Signal trafficking ensures the system’s homeostasis; conditions that favor colonization by pathogens frequently foster commensal growth, thereby increasing the bacterial population size and inducing the skin’s antibacterial response, eliminating the pathogens and re-establishing the normal density of commensals. The microecological conditions of the epidermis favors Gram-positive organisms and are unsuitable for long-term Gram-negative colonization. However, the epidermis acts as the most important host-to-host transmission platform for bacteria, including those that colonize human mucous membranes. Bacteria are frequently shared by relatives, partners, and coworkers. The epidermal bacterial transmission platform of healthcare workers and visitors can contaminate hospitalized patients, eventually contributing to cross-infections. Epidermal transmission occurs mostly via the hands and particularly through fingers. The three-dimensional physical structure of the epidermis, particularly the fingertips, which have frictional ridges, multiplies the possibilities for bacterial adhesion and release. Research into the biology of bacterial transmission via the hands is still in its infancy; however, tribology, the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion, including friction, wear and lubrication, will certainly be an important part of it. Experiments on finger-to-finger transmission of microorganisms have shown significant interindividual differences in the ability to transmit microorganisms, presumably due to genetics, age, sex, and the gland density, which determines the physical, chemical, adhesive, nutritional, and immunological status of the epidermal surface. These studies are needed to optimize interventions and strategies for preventing the hand transmission of microorganisms.
format	article
author	Fernando Baquero Fernando Baquero Claudia Saralegui Daniel Marcos-Mencía Luna Ballestero Sergio Vañó-Galván Óscar M. Moreno-Arrones Rosa del Campo Rosa del Campo Rosa del Campo
author_facet	Fernando Baquero Fernando Baquero Claudia Saralegui Daniel Marcos-Mencía Luna Ballestero Sergio Vañó-Galván Óscar M. Moreno-Arrones Rosa del Campo Rosa del Campo Rosa del Campo
author_sort	Fernando Baquero
title	Epidermis as a Platform for Bacterial Transmission
title_short	Epidermis as a Platform for Bacterial Transmission
title_full	Epidermis as a Platform for Bacterial Transmission
title_fullStr	Epidermis as a Platform for Bacterial Transmission
title_full_unstemmed	Epidermis as a Platform for Bacterial Transmission
title_sort	epidermis as a platform for bacterial transmission
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/77cb67b1ab6941259087ec11c5aaa5d6
work_keys_str_mv	AT fernandobaquero epidermisasaplatformforbacterialtransmission AT fernandobaquero epidermisasaplatformforbacterialtransmission AT claudiasaralegui epidermisasaplatformforbacterialtransmission AT danielmarcosmencia epidermisasaplatformforbacterialtransmission AT lunaballestero epidermisasaplatformforbacterialtransmission AT sergiovanogalvan epidermisasaplatformforbacterialtransmission AT oscarmmorenoarrones epidermisasaplatformforbacterialtransmission AT rosadelcampo epidermisasaplatformforbacterialtransmission AT rosadelcampo epidermisasaplatformforbacterialtransmission AT rosadelcampo epidermisasaplatformforbacterialtransmission
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Epidermis as a Platform for Bacterial Transmission

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