Unravelling the Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral Ion Channels, towards the Treatment of Disease

The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for the research community to develop a better understanding of viruses, in particular their modes of infection and replicative lifecycles, to aid in the development of novel vaccines and much needed anti-viral therapeutics. Several viruses expr...

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Autores principales:	Siobhan Gargan, Nigel J. Stevenson
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	viruses ion channels viroporins immune evasion immune modulation influenza Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/77e3e8461d934d59bc46ac5dc465039f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:77e3e8461d934d59bc46ac5dc465039f2021-11-25T19:12:58ZUnravelling the Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral Ion Channels, towards the Treatment of Disease10.3390/v131121651999-4915https://doaj.org/article/77e3e8461d934d59bc46ac5dc465039f2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/11/2165https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for the research community to develop a better understanding of viruses, in particular their modes of infection and replicative lifecycles, to aid in the development of novel vaccines and much needed anti-viral therapeutics. Several viruses express proteins capable of forming pores in host cellular membranes, termed “Viroporins”. They are a family of small hydrophobic proteins, with at least one amphipathic domain, which characteristically form oligomeric structures with central hydrophilic domains. Consequently, they can facilitate the transport of ions through the hydrophilic core. Viroporins localise to host membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum and regulate ion homeostasis creating a favourable environment for viral infection. Viroporins also contribute to viral immune evasion via several mechanisms. Given that viroporins are often essential for virion assembly and egress, and as their structural features tend to be evolutionarily conserved, they are attractive targets for anti-viral therapeutics. This review discusses the current knowledge of several viroporins, namely Influenza A virus (IAV) M2, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Viral protein U (Vpu), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) p7, Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-16 E5, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Open Reading Frame (ORF)3a and Polyomavirus agnoprotein. We highlight the intricate but broad immunomodulatory effects of these viroporins and discuss the current antiviral therapies that target them; continually highlighting the need for future investigations to focus on novel therapeutics in the treatment of existing and future emergent viruses.Siobhan GarganNigel J. StevensonMDPI AGarticlevirusesion channelsviroporinsimmune evasionimmune modulationinfluenzaMicrobiologyQR1-502ENViruses, Vol 13, Iss 2165, p 2165 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	viruses ion channels viroporins immune evasion immune modulation influenza Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	viruses ion channels viroporins immune evasion immune modulation influenza Microbiology QR1-502 Siobhan Gargan Nigel J. Stevenson Unravelling the Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral Ion Channels, towards the Treatment of Disease
description	The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for the research community to develop a better understanding of viruses, in particular their modes of infection and replicative lifecycles, to aid in the development of novel vaccines and much needed anti-viral therapeutics. Several viruses express proteins capable of forming pores in host cellular membranes, termed “Viroporins”. They are a family of small hydrophobic proteins, with at least one amphipathic domain, which characteristically form oligomeric structures with central hydrophilic domains. Consequently, they can facilitate the transport of ions through the hydrophilic core. Viroporins localise to host membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum and regulate ion homeostasis creating a favourable environment for viral infection. Viroporins also contribute to viral immune evasion via several mechanisms. Given that viroporins are often essential for virion assembly and egress, and as their structural features tend to be evolutionarily conserved, they are attractive targets for anti-viral therapeutics. This review discusses the current knowledge of several viroporins, namely Influenza A virus (IAV) M2, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Viral protein U (Vpu), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) p7, Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-16 E5, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Open Reading Frame (ORF)3a and Polyomavirus agnoprotein. We highlight the intricate but broad immunomodulatory effects of these viroporins and discuss the current antiviral therapies that target them; continually highlighting the need for future investigations to focus on novel therapeutics in the treatment of existing and future emergent viruses.
format	article
author	Siobhan Gargan Nigel J. Stevenson
author_facet	Siobhan Gargan Nigel J. Stevenson
author_sort	Siobhan Gargan
title	Unravelling the Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral Ion Channels, towards the Treatment of Disease
title_short	Unravelling the Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral Ion Channels, towards the Treatment of Disease
title_full	Unravelling the Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral Ion Channels, towards the Treatment of Disease
title_fullStr	Unravelling the Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral Ion Channels, towards the Treatment of Disease
title_full_unstemmed	Unravelling the Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral Ion Channels, towards the Treatment of Disease
title_sort	unravelling the immunomodulatory effects of viral ion channels, towards the treatment of disease
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/77e3e8461d934d59bc46ac5dc465039f
work_keys_str_mv	AT siobhangargan unravellingtheimmunomodulatoryeffectsofviralionchannelstowardsthetreatmentofdisease AT nigeljstevenson unravellingtheimmunomodulatoryeffectsofviralionchannelstowardsthetreatmentofdisease
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Unravelling the Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral Ion Channels, towards the Treatment of Disease

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