Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 95% of adults worldwide and is associated with various malignant tumors and immune diseases, imparting a huge disease burden on the human population. Available EBV vaccines are imminent. Prophylactic vaccines can effectively prevent the spread of infect...

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Autores principales:	Jing Cai, Bodou Zhang, Yuqi Li, Wanfang Zhu, Toshihiro Akihisa, Wei Li, Takashi Kikuchi, Wenyuan Liu, Feng Feng, Jie Zhang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Epstein-Barr virus vaccine T cells antibodies oncogenic Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/78145038ac81461b8b5a4ba35877c8c9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:78145038ac81461b8b5a4ba35877c8c92021-11-25T19:10:59ZProphylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction10.3390/vaccines91112902076-393Xhttps://doaj.org/article/78145038ac81461b8b5a4ba35877c8c92021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/11/1290https://doaj.org/toc/2076-393XThe Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 95% of adults worldwide and is associated with various malignant tumors and immune diseases, imparting a huge disease burden on the human population. Available EBV vaccines are imminent. Prophylactic vaccines can effectively prevent the spread of infection, whereas therapeutic vaccines mainly stimulate cell-mediated immunity and kill infected cells, thus curbing the development of malignant tumors. Nevertheless, there are still no approved EBV vaccines after decades of effort. The complexity of the EBV life cycle, the lack of appropriate animal models, and the limited reports on adjuvant selection and immune responses are gravely impeding progress in EBV vaccines. The soluble gp350 vaccine could reduce the incidence of infectious mononucleosis (IM), which seemed to offer hope, but could not prevent EBV infection. Continuous research and vaccine trials provide deep insights into the structural biology of viruses, the designs for immunogenicity, and the evolving vaccine platforms. Moreover, the new vaccine candidates are expected to achieve further success via combined immunization to elicit both a dual protection of B cells and epithelial cells, and sustainable immunization against infected cells at several phases of infection.Jing CaiBodou ZhangYuqi LiWanfang ZhuToshihiro AkihisaWei LiTakashi KikuchiWenyuan LiuFeng FengJie ZhangMDPI AGarticleEpstein-Barr virusvaccineT cellsantibodiesoncogenicMedicineRENVaccines, Vol 9, Iss 1290, p 1290 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Epstein-Barr virus vaccine T cells antibodies oncogenic Medicine R
spellingShingle	Epstein-Barr virus vaccine T cells antibodies oncogenic Medicine R Jing Cai Bodou Zhang Yuqi Li Wanfang Zhu Toshihiro Akihisa Wei Li Takashi Kikuchi Wenyuan Liu Feng Feng Jie Zhang Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction
description	The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 95% of adults worldwide and is associated with various malignant tumors and immune diseases, imparting a huge disease burden on the human population. Available EBV vaccines are imminent. Prophylactic vaccines can effectively prevent the spread of infection, whereas therapeutic vaccines mainly stimulate cell-mediated immunity and kill infected cells, thus curbing the development of malignant tumors. Nevertheless, there are still no approved EBV vaccines after decades of effort. The complexity of the EBV life cycle, the lack of appropriate animal models, and the limited reports on adjuvant selection and immune responses are gravely impeding progress in EBV vaccines. The soluble gp350 vaccine could reduce the incidence of infectious mononucleosis (IM), which seemed to offer hope, but could not prevent EBV infection. Continuous research and vaccine trials provide deep insights into the structural biology of viruses, the designs for immunogenicity, and the evolving vaccine platforms. Moreover, the new vaccine candidates are expected to achieve further success via combined immunization to elicit both a dual protection of B cells and epithelial cells, and sustainable immunization against infected cells at several phases of infection.
format	article
author	Jing Cai Bodou Zhang Yuqi Li Wanfang Zhu Toshihiro Akihisa Wei Li Takashi Kikuchi Wenyuan Liu Feng Feng Jie Zhang
author_facet	Jing Cai Bodou Zhang Yuqi Li Wanfang Zhu Toshihiro Akihisa Wei Li Takashi Kikuchi Wenyuan Liu Feng Feng Jie Zhang
author_sort	Jing Cai
title	Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction
title_short	Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction
title_full	Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction
title_fullStr	Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction
title_full_unstemmed	Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction
title_sort	prophylactic and therapeutic ebv vaccines: major scientific obstacles, historical progress, and future direction
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/78145038ac81461b8b5a4ba35877c8c9
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Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction

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