Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory

Carnivorous plants feed on animal prey, mainly insects, to get additional nutrients. This carnivorous syndrome is widely investigated and reported. In contrast, reports on herbivores feeding on carnivorous plants and related defenses of the plants under attack are rare. Here, we studied the interact...

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Autores principales:	Alberto Dávila-Lara, Asifur Rahman-Soad, Michael Reichelt, Axel Mithöfer
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/781fee33205644ac8c17d2e8c34b355d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:781fee33205644ac8c17d2e8c34b355d2021-11-04T06:07:12ZCarnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory1932-6203https://doaj.org/article/781fee33205644ac8c17d2e8c34b355d2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8535358/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Carnivorous plants feed on animal prey, mainly insects, to get additional nutrients. This carnivorous syndrome is widely investigated and reported. In contrast, reports on herbivores feeding on carnivorous plants and related defenses of the plants under attack are rare. Here, we studied the interaction of a pitcher plant, Nepenthes x ventrata, with a generalist lepidopteran herbivore, Spodoptera littoralis, using a combination of LC/MS-based chemical analytics, choice and feeding assays. Chemical defenses in N. x ventrata leaves were analyzed upon S. littoralis feeding. A naphthoquinone, plumbagin, was identified in Nepenthes defense against herbivores and as the compound mainly responsible for the finding that S. littoralis larvae gained almost no weight when feeding on Nepenthes leaves. Plumbagin is constitutively present but further 3-fold increased upon long-term (> 1 day) feeding. Moreover, in parallel de novo induced trypsin protease inhibitor (TI) activity was identified. In contrast to TI activity, enhanced plumbagin levels were not phytohormone inducible, not even by defense-related jasmonates although upon herbivory their level increased more than 50-fold in the case of the bioactive jasmonic acid-isoleucine. We conclude that Nepenthes is efficiently protected against insect herbivores by naphthoquinones acting as phytoanticipins, which is supported by additional inducible defenses. The regulation of these defenses remains to be investigated.Alberto Dávila-LaraAsifur Rahman-SoadMichael ReicheltAxel MithöferPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 10 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Alberto Dávila-Lara Asifur Rahman-Soad Michael Reichelt Axel Mithöfer Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory
description	Carnivorous plants feed on animal prey, mainly insects, to get additional nutrients. This carnivorous syndrome is widely investigated and reported. In contrast, reports on herbivores feeding on carnivorous plants and related defenses of the plants under attack are rare. Here, we studied the interaction of a pitcher plant, Nepenthes x ventrata, with a generalist lepidopteran herbivore, Spodoptera littoralis, using a combination of LC/MS-based chemical analytics, choice and feeding assays. Chemical defenses in N. x ventrata leaves were analyzed upon S. littoralis feeding. A naphthoquinone, plumbagin, was identified in Nepenthes defense against herbivores and as the compound mainly responsible for the finding that S. littoralis larvae gained almost no weight when feeding on Nepenthes leaves. Plumbagin is constitutively present but further 3-fold increased upon long-term (> 1 day) feeding. Moreover, in parallel de novo induced trypsin protease inhibitor (TI) activity was identified. In contrast to TI activity, enhanced plumbagin levels were not phytohormone inducible, not even by defense-related jasmonates although upon herbivory their level increased more than 50-fold in the case of the bioactive jasmonic acid-isoleucine. We conclude that Nepenthes is efficiently protected against insect herbivores by naphthoquinones acting as phytoanticipins, which is supported by additional inducible defenses. The regulation of these defenses remains to be investigated.
format	article
author	Alberto Dávila-Lara Asifur Rahman-Soad Michael Reichelt Axel Mithöfer
author_facet	Alberto Dávila-Lara Asifur Rahman-Soad Michael Reichelt Axel Mithöfer
author_sort	Alberto Dávila-Lara
title	Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory
title_short	Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory
title_full	Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory
title_fullStr	Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory
title_full_unstemmed	Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory
title_sort	carnivorous nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/781fee33205644ac8c17d2e8c34b355d
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Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory

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