Polygamous breeding system identified in the distylous genus Psychotria: P. manillensis in the Ryukyu archipelago, Japan

Distyly is a genetic polymorphism composed of long-and short-styled flowers in a population. The evolutionary breakdown of distyly has been reported in many taxa, and mainly involves a shift toward monomorphism or dioecism. However, a shift toward monoecism has not been reported in distylous species...

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Autores principales:	Kenta Watanabe, Akira Shimizu, Takashi Sugawara
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	PeerJ Inc. 2021
Materias:	Breeding system Distyly Monoecism Polygamous Psychotria manillensis Rubiaceae Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7879faf9963d4cbd97882269f2d7338b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7879faf9963d4cbd97882269f2d7338b2021-11-12T15:05:08ZPolygamous breeding system identified in the distylous genus Psychotria: P. manillensis in the Ryukyu archipelago, Japan10.7717/peerj.123182167-8359https://doaj.org/article/7879faf9963d4cbd97882269f2d7338b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://peerj.com/articles/12318.pdfhttps://peerj.com/articles/12318/https://doaj.org/toc/2167-8359Distyly is a genetic polymorphism composed of long-and short-styled flowers in a population. The evolutionary breakdown of distyly has been reported in many taxa, and mainly involves a shift toward monomorphism or dioecism. However, a shift toward monoecism has not been reported in distylous species. Psychotria (Rubiaceae), one of the world largest genera, consists of distylous species and their derivatives. In our preliminary study, however, we identified some monoecious individuals in a population of Psychotria manillensis. To understand the breeding system and reproductive biology of P. manillensis, we investigated floral traits, open fruit set, and flower visitors, and performed hand pollination and bagging experiments in five populations of Okinawa and Iriomote islands, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. The populations of P. manillensis were composed mainly of monoecious individuals (54%), followed by female (30%), male (14%), and hermaphroditic (2%) individuals at the time of flower collection. Of the collected flowers, 93% were functionally unisexual (male or female), whereas only 6.5% were perfect (hermaphroditic). However, some individuals changed sex mainly towards increasing femaleness during the flowering period. Moreover, 35% of the studied plants changed their sexual expression over the years. P. manillensis showed self-compatibility and no agamospermy. The fruit set under open pollination varied among populations and years (1.8–21.9%), but it was significantly higher than that of auto-selfing (0.68–1.56%). Wasps and flies were the main flower visitors and probably the main pollinators of the species. In conclusion, P. manillensis was revealed to be polygamous, involving monoecious, female, male, and hermaphroditic individuals. This is the first report of the polygamous breeding system not only in the genus Psychotria, but also in all heterostylous taxa.Kenta WatanabeAkira ShimizuTakashi SugawaraPeerJ Inc.articleBreeding systemDistylyMonoecismPolygamousPsychotria manillensisRubiaceaeMedicineRENPeerJ, Vol 9, p e12318 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Breeding system Distyly Monoecism Polygamous Psychotria manillensis Rubiaceae Medicine R
spellingShingle	Breeding system Distyly Monoecism Polygamous Psychotria manillensis Rubiaceae Medicine R Kenta Watanabe Akira Shimizu Takashi Sugawara Polygamous breeding system identified in the distylous genus Psychotria: P. manillensis in the Ryukyu archipelago, Japan
description	Distyly is a genetic polymorphism composed of long-and short-styled flowers in a population. The evolutionary breakdown of distyly has been reported in many taxa, and mainly involves a shift toward monomorphism or dioecism. However, a shift toward monoecism has not been reported in distylous species. Psychotria (Rubiaceae), one of the world largest genera, consists of distylous species and their derivatives. In our preliminary study, however, we identified some monoecious individuals in a population of Psychotria manillensis. To understand the breeding system and reproductive biology of P. manillensis, we investigated floral traits, open fruit set, and flower visitors, and performed hand pollination and bagging experiments in five populations of Okinawa and Iriomote islands, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. The populations of P. manillensis were composed mainly of monoecious individuals (54%), followed by female (30%), male (14%), and hermaphroditic (2%) individuals at the time of flower collection. Of the collected flowers, 93% were functionally unisexual (male or female), whereas only 6.5% were perfect (hermaphroditic). However, some individuals changed sex mainly towards increasing femaleness during the flowering period. Moreover, 35% of the studied plants changed their sexual expression over the years. P. manillensis showed self-compatibility and no agamospermy. The fruit set under open pollination varied among populations and years (1.8–21.9%), but it was significantly higher than that of auto-selfing (0.68–1.56%). Wasps and flies were the main flower visitors and probably the main pollinators of the species. In conclusion, P. manillensis was revealed to be polygamous, involving monoecious, female, male, and hermaphroditic individuals. This is the first report of the polygamous breeding system not only in the genus Psychotria, but also in all heterostylous taxa.
format	article
author	Kenta Watanabe Akira Shimizu Takashi Sugawara
author_facet	Kenta Watanabe Akira Shimizu Takashi Sugawara
author_sort	Kenta Watanabe
title	Polygamous breeding system identified in the distylous genus Psychotria: P. manillensis in the Ryukyu archipelago, Japan
title_short	Polygamous breeding system identified in the distylous genus Psychotria: P. manillensis in the Ryukyu archipelago, Japan
title_full	Polygamous breeding system identified in the distylous genus Psychotria: P. manillensis in the Ryukyu archipelago, Japan
title_fullStr	Polygamous breeding system identified in the distylous genus Psychotria: P. manillensis in the Ryukyu archipelago, Japan
title_full_unstemmed	Polygamous breeding system identified in the distylous genus Psychotria: P. manillensis in the Ryukyu archipelago, Japan
title_sort	polygamous breeding system identified in the distylous genus psychotria: p. manillensis in the ryukyu archipelago, japan
publisher	PeerJ Inc.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7879faf9963d4cbd97882269f2d7338b
work_keys_str_mv	AT kentawatanabe polygamousbreedingsystemidentifiedinthedistylousgenuspsychotriapmanillensisintheryukyuarchipelagojapan AT akirashimizu polygamousbreedingsystemidentifiedinthedistylousgenuspsychotriapmanillensisintheryukyuarchipelagojapan AT takashisugawara polygamousbreedingsystemidentifiedinthedistylousgenuspsychotriapmanillensisintheryukyuarchipelagojapan
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Polygamous breeding system identified in the distylous genus Psychotria: P. manillensis in the Ryukyu archipelago, Japan

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