Gold nanoparticles as physiological markers of urine internalization into urothelial cells in vivo

Samo Hudoklin,1 Da&scaron;a Zupancic,1 Darko Makovec,2 Mateja Erdani Kreft,1 Rok Romih1 1Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 2Department for Materials Synthesis, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia Background: Urothelial bladder i...

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Autores principales:	Hudoklin S, Zupančič D, Makovec D, Kreft ME, Romih R
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2013
Materias:	Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/78b2cb84f1db42718c45f55515433626
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:78b2cb84f1db42718c45f555154336262021-12-02T01:42:41ZGold nanoparticles as physiological markers of urine internalization into urothelial cells in vivo1176-91141178-2013https://doaj.org/article/78b2cb84f1db42718c45f555154336262013-10-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.dovepress.com/gold-nanoparticles-as-physiological-markers-of-urine-internalization-i-a14681https://doaj.org/toc/1176-9114https://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Samo Hudoklin,1 Da&scaron;a Zupancic,1 Darko Makovec,2 Mateja Erdani Kreft,1 Rok Romih1 1Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 2Department for Materials Synthesis, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia Background: Urothelial bladder is the reservoir of urine and the urothelium minimizes the exchange of urine constituents with this tissue. Our aim was to test 1.9 nm biocompatible gold nanoparticles as a novel marker of internalization into the urothelial cells under physiological conditions in vivo. Methods: We compared normal and neoplastic mice urothelium. Neoplastic lesions were induced by 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) in drinking water for 10 weeks. Nanoparticles, intravenously injected into normal and BBN-treated mice, were filtered through the kidneys and became constituents of the urine within 90 minutes after injection. Results: Gold nanoparticles were densely accumulated in the urine, while their internalization into urothelial cells depended on the cell differentiation stage. In the terminally differentiated superficial urothelial cells of normal animals, nanoparticles were occasionally found in the endosomes, but not in the fusiform vesicles. Regions of exfoliated cells were occasionally found in the normal urothelium. Superficial urothelial cells located next to exfoliated regions contained gold nanoparticles in the endosomes and in the cytosol beneath the apical plasma membrane. The urothelium of BBN-treated animals developed flat hyperplasia with moderate dysplasia. The superficial cells of BBN-treated animals were partially differentiated as demonstrated by the lack of fusiform vesicles. These cells contained the gold nanoparticles distributed in the endosomes and throughout their cytosol. Conclusion: Gold nanoparticles are a valuable marker to study urine internalization into urothelial cells in vivo. Moreover, they can be used as a sensitive marker of differentiation and functionality of urothelial cells. Keywords: urinary bladder, urothelial plaques, membrane internalization, gold nanoparticles, cancer models, electron microscopyHudoklin SZupančič DMakovec DKreft MERomih RDove Medical PressarticleMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol 2013, Iss Issue 1, Pp 3945-3953 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	Medicine (General) R5-920 Hudoklin S Zupančič D Makovec D Kreft ME Romih R Gold nanoparticles as physiological markers of urine internalization into urothelial cells in vivo
description	Samo Hudoklin,1 Da&scaron;a Zupancic,1 Darko Makovec,2 Mateja Erdani Kreft,1 Rok Romih1 1Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 2Department for Materials Synthesis, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia Background: Urothelial bladder is the reservoir of urine and the urothelium minimizes the exchange of urine constituents with this tissue. Our aim was to test 1.9 nm biocompatible gold nanoparticles as a novel marker of internalization into the urothelial cells under physiological conditions in vivo. Methods: We compared normal and neoplastic mice urothelium. Neoplastic lesions were induced by 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) in drinking water for 10 weeks. Nanoparticles, intravenously injected into normal and BBN-treated mice, were filtered through the kidneys and became constituents of the urine within 90 minutes after injection. Results: Gold nanoparticles were densely accumulated in the urine, while their internalization into urothelial cells depended on the cell differentiation stage. In the terminally differentiated superficial urothelial cells of normal animals, nanoparticles were occasionally found in the endosomes, but not in the fusiform vesicles. Regions of exfoliated cells were occasionally found in the normal urothelium. Superficial urothelial cells located next to exfoliated regions contained gold nanoparticles in the endosomes and in the cytosol beneath the apical plasma membrane. The urothelium of BBN-treated animals developed flat hyperplasia with moderate dysplasia. The superficial cells of BBN-treated animals were partially differentiated as demonstrated by the lack of fusiform vesicles. These cells contained the gold nanoparticles distributed in the endosomes and throughout their cytosol. Conclusion: Gold nanoparticles are a valuable marker to study urine internalization into urothelial cells in vivo. Moreover, they can be used as a sensitive marker of differentiation and functionality of urothelial cells. Keywords: urinary bladder, urothelial plaques, membrane internalization, gold nanoparticles, cancer models, electron microscopy
format	article
author	Hudoklin S Zupančič D Makovec D Kreft ME Romih R
author_facet	Hudoklin S Zupančič D Makovec D Kreft ME Romih R
author_sort	Hudoklin S
title	Gold nanoparticles as physiological markers of urine internalization into urothelial cells in vivo
title_short	Gold nanoparticles as physiological markers of urine internalization into urothelial cells in vivo
title_full	Gold nanoparticles as physiological markers of urine internalization into urothelial cells in vivo
title_fullStr	Gold nanoparticles as physiological markers of urine internalization into urothelial cells in vivo
title_full_unstemmed	Gold nanoparticles as physiological markers of urine internalization into urothelial cells in vivo
title_sort	gold nanoparticles as physiological markers of urine internalization into urothelial cells in vivo
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/78b2cb84f1db42718c45f55515433626
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Gold nanoparticles as physiological markers of urine internalization into urothelial cells in vivo

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