<named-content content-type="genus-species">Caulobacter crescentus</named-content> Adapts to Phosphate Starvation by Synthesizing Anionic Glycoglycerolipids and a Novel Glycosphingolipid

ABSTRACT Caulobacter crescentus adapts to phosphate starvation by elongating its cell body and a polar stalk structure. The stalk is an extension of the Gram-negative envelope containing inner and outer membranes as well as a peptidoglycan cell wall. Cellular elongation requires a 6- to 7-fold incre...

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Autores principales:	Gabriele Stankeviciute, Ziqiang Guan, Howard Goldfine, Eric A. Klein
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2019
Materias:	Caulobacter glycolipids glycosyltransferase lipid synthesis phosphate metabolism Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/78cad6927a4e48dcacf928d902b591be
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:78cad6927a4e48dcacf928d902b591be2021-11-15T15:55:25Z<named-content content-type="genus-species">Caulobacter crescentus</named-content> Adapts to Phosphate Starvation by Synthesizing Anionic Glycoglycerolipids and a Novel Glycosphingolipid10.1128/mBio.00107-192150-7511https://doaj.org/article/78cad6927a4e48dcacf928d902b591be2019-04-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.00107-19https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Caulobacter crescentus adapts to phosphate starvation by elongating its cell body and a polar stalk structure. The stalk is an extension of the Gram-negative envelope containing inner and outer membranes as well as a peptidoglycan cell wall. Cellular elongation requires a 6- to 7-fold increase in membrane synthesis, yet phosphate limitation would preclude the incorporation of additional phospholipids. In the place of phospholipids, C. crescentus can synthesize several glycolipid species, including a novel glycosphingolipid (GSL-2). While glycosphingolipids are ubiquitous in eukaryotes, the presence of GSL-2 in C. crescentus is surprising since GSLs had previously been found only in Sphingomonas species, in which they play a role in outer membrane integrity. In this paper, we identify three proteins required for GSL-2 synthesis: CcbF catalyzes the first step in ceramide synthesis, while Sgt1 and Sgt2 sequentially glycosylate ceramides to produce GSL-2. Unlike in Sphingomonas, GSLs are nonessential in C. crescentus; however, the presence of ceramides does contribute to phage resistance and susceptibility to the cationic antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B. The identification of a novel lipid species specifically produced upon phosphate starvation suggests that bacteria may be able to synthesize a wider variety of lipids in response to stresses than previously observed. Uncovering these lipids and their functional relevance will provide greater insight into microbial physiology and environmental adaptation. IMPORTANCE Bacteria adapt to environmental changes in a variety of ways, including altering their cell shape. Caulobacter crescentus adapts to phosphate starvation by elongating its cell body and a polar stalk structure containing both inner and outer membranes. While we generally think of cellular membranes being composed largely of phospholipids, cellular elongation occurs when environmental phosphate, and therefore phospholipid synthesis, is limited. In order to adapt to these environmental constraints, C. crescentus synthesizes several glycolipid species, including a novel glycosphingolipid. This finding is significant because glycosphingolipids, while ubiquitous in eukaryotes, are extremely rare in bacteria. In this paper, we identify three proteins required for GSL-2 synthesis and demonstrate that they contribute to phage resistance. These findings suggest that bacteria may synthesize a wider variety of lipids in response to stresses than previously observed.Gabriele StankeviciuteZiqiang GuanHoward GoldfineEric A. KleinAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleCaulobacterglycolipidsglycosyltransferaselipid synthesisphosphate metabolismMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 10, Iss 2 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Caulobacter glycolipids glycosyltransferase lipid synthesis phosphate metabolism Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Caulobacter glycolipids glycosyltransferase lipid synthesis phosphate metabolism Microbiology QR1-502 Gabriele Stankeviciute Ziqiang Guan Howard Goldfine Eric A. Klein <named-content content-type="genus-species">Caulobacter crescentus</named-content> Adapts to Phosphate Starvation by Synthesizing Anionic Glycoglycerolipids and a Novel Glycosphingolipid
description	ABSTRACT Caulobacter crescentus adapts to phosphate starvation by elongating its cell body and a polar stalk structure. The stalk is an extension of the Gram-negative envelope containing inner and outer membranes as well as a peptidoglycan cell wall. Cellular elongation requires a 6- to 7-fold increase in membrane synthesis, yet phosphate limitation would preclude the incorporation of additional phospholipids. In the place of phospholipids, C. crescentus can synthesize several glycolipid species, including a novel glycosphingolipid (GSL-2). While glycosphingolipids are ubiquitous in eukaryotes, the presence of GSL-2 in C. crescentus is surprising since GSLs had previously been found only in Sphingomonas species, in which they play a role in outer membrane integrity. In this paper, we identify three proteins required for GSL-2 synthesis: CcbF catalyzes the first step in ceramide synthesis, while Sgt1 and Sgt2 sequentially glycosylate ceramides to produce GSL-2. Unlike in Sphingomonas, GSLs are nonessential in C. crescentus; however, the presence of ceramides does contribute to phage resistance and susceptibility to the cationic antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B. The identification of a novel lipid species specifically produced upon phosphate starvation suggests that bacteria may be able to synthesize a wider variety of lipids in response to stresses than previously observed. Uncovering these lipids and their functional relevance will provide greater insight into microbial physiology and environmental adaptation. IMPORTANCE Bacteria adapt to environmental changes in a variety of ways, including altering their cell shape. Caulobacter crescentus adapts to phosphate starvation by elongating its cell body and a polar stalk structure containing both inner and outer membranes. While we generally think of cellular membranes being composed largely of phospholipids, cellular elongation occurs when environmental phosphate, and therefore phospholipid synthesis, is limited. In order to adapt to these environmental constraints, C. crescentus synthesizes several glycolipid species, including a novel glycosphingolipid. This finding is significant because glycosphingolipids, while ubiquitous in eukaryotes, are extremely rare in bacteria. In this paper, we identify three proteins required for GSL-2 synthesis and demonstrate that they contribute to phage resistance. These findings suggest that bacteria may synthesize a wider variety of lipids in response to stresses than previously observed.
format	article
author	Gabriele Stankeviciute Ziqiang Guan Howard Goldfine Eric A. Klein
author_facet	Gabriele Stankeviciute Ziqiang Guan Howard Goldfine Eric A. Klein
author_sort	Gabriele Stankeviciute
title	<named-content content-type="genus-species">Caulobacter crescentus</named-content> Adapts to Phosphate Starvation by Synthesizing Anionic Glycoglycerolipids and a Novel Glycosphingolipid
title_short	<named-content content-type="genus-species">Caulobacter crescentus</named-content> Adapts to Phosphate Starvation by Synthesizing Anionic Glycoglycerolipids and a Novel Glycosphingolipid
title_full	<named-content content-type="genus-species">Caulobacter crescentus</named-content> Adapts to Phosphate Starvation by Synthesizing Anionic Glycoglycerolipids and a Novel Glycosphingolipid
title_fullStr	<named-content content-type="genus-species">Caulobacter crescentus</named-content> Adapts to Phosphate Starvation by Synthesizing Anionic Glycoglycerolipids and a Novel Glycosphingolipid
title_full_unstemmed	<named-content content-type="genus-species">Caulobacter crescentus</named-content> Adapts to Phosphate Starvation by Synthesizing Anionic Glycoglycerolipids and a Novel Glycosphingolipid
title_sort	<named-content content-type="genus-species">caulobacter crescentus</named-content> adapts to phosphate starvation by synthesizing anionic glycoglycerolipids and a novel glycosphingolipid
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/78cad6927a4e48dcacf928d902b591be
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<named-content content-type="genus-species">Caulobacter crescentus</named-content> Adapts to Phosphate Starvation by Synthesizing Anionic Glycoglycerolipids and a Novel Glycosphingolipid

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