Mechanism and Applications of CRISPR/Cas-9-Mediated Genome Editing

Misganaw Asmamaw Mengstie, 1 Belay Zawdie Wondimu 2 1Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; 2Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma Univers...

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Autores principales:	Asmamaw M, Zawdie B
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2021
Materias:	crispr cas-9 sgrna gene-editing mechanism applications Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7925c437b3784f7d97e68f500b533467
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7925c437b3784f7d97e68f500b5334672021-12-02T15:11:05ZMechanism and Applications of CRISPR/Cas-9-Mediated Genome Editing1177-5491https://doaj.org/article/7925c437b3784f7d97e68f500b5334672021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/mechanism-and-applications-of-crisprcas-9-mediated-genome-editing-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-BTThttps://doaj.org/toc/1177-5491Misganaw Asmamaw Mengstie, 1 Belay Zawdie Wondimu 2 1Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; 2Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Misganaw Asmamaw MengstieDivision of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, EthiopiaTel +251 967153508Email misganaw118@gmail.comAbstract: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and their associated protein (Cas-9) is the most effective, efficient, and accurate method of genome editing tool in all living cells and utilized in many applied disciplines. Guide RNA (gRNA) and CRISPR-associated (Cas-9) proteins are the two essential components in CRISPR/Cas-9 system. The mechanism of CRISPR/Cas-9 genome editing contains three steps, recognition, cleavage, and repair. The designed sgRNA recognizes the target sequence in the gene of interest through a complementary base pair. While the Cas-9 nuclease makes double-stranded breaks at a site 3 base pair upstream to protospacer adjacent motif, then the double-stranded break is repaired by either non-homologous end joining or homology-directed repair cellular mechanisms. The CRISPR/Cas-9 genome-editing tool has a wide number of applications in many areas including medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. In agriculture, it could help in the design of new grains to improve their nutritional value. In medicine, it is being investigated for cancers, HIV, and gene therapy such as sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The technology is also being utilized in the regulation of specific genes through the advanced modification of Cas-9 protein. However, immunogenicity, effective delivery systems, off-target effect, and ethical issues have been the major barriers to extend the technology in clinical applications. Although CRISPR/Cas-9 becomes a new era in molecular biology and has countless roles ranging from basic molecular researches to clinical applications, there are still challenges to rub in the practical applications and various improvements are needed to overcome obstacles.Keywords: CRISPR, Cas-9, sgRNA, gene-editing, mechanism, applicationsAsmamaw MZawdie BDove Medical Pressarticlecrisprcas-9sgrnagene-editingmechanismapplicationsMedicine (General)R5-920ENBiologics: Targets & Therapy, Vol Volume 15, Pp 353-361 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	crispr cas-9 sgrna gene-editing mechanism applications Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	crispr cas-9 sgrna gene-editing mechanism applications Medicine (General) R5-920 Asmamaw M Zawdie B Mechanism and Applications of CRISPR/Cas-9-Mediated Genome Editing
description	Misganaw Asmamaw Mengstie, 1 Belay Zawdie Wondimu 2 1Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; 2Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Misganaw Asmamaw MengstieDivision of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, EthiopiaTel +251 967153508Email misganaw118@gmail.comAbstract: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and their associated protein (Cas-9) is the most effective, efficient, and accurate method of genome editing tool in all living cells and utilized in many applied disciplines. Guide RNA (gRNA) and CRISPR-associated (Cas-9) proteins are the two essential components in CRISPR/Cas-9 system. The mechanism of CRISPR/Cas-9 genome editing contains three steps, recognition, cleavage, and repair. The designed sgRNA recognizes the target sequence in the gene of interest through a complementary base pair. While the Cas-9 nuclease makes double-stranded breaks at a site 3 base pair upstream to protospacer adjacent motif, then the double-stranded break is repaired by either non-homologous end joining or homology-directed repair cellular mechanisms. The CRISPR/Cas-9 genome-editing tool has a wide number of applications in many areas including medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. In agriculture, it could help in the design of new grains to improve their nutritional value. In medicine, it is being investigated for cancers, HIV, and gene therapy such as sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The technology is also being utilized in the regulation of specific genes through the advanced modification of Cas-9 protein. However, immunogenicity, effective delivery systems, off-target effect, and ethical issues have been the major barriers to extend the technology in clinical applications. Although CRISPR/Cas-9 becomes a new era in molecular biology and has countless roles ranging from basic molecular researches to clinical applications, there are still challenges to rub in the practical applications and various improvements are needed to overcome obstacles.Keywords: CRISPR, Cas-9, sgRNA, gene-editing, mechanism, applications
format	article
author	Asmamaw M Zawdie B
author_facet	Asmamaw M Zawdie B
author_sort	Asmamaw M
title	Mechanism and Applications of CRISPR/Cas-9-Mediated Genome Editing
title_short	Mechanism and Applications of CRISPR/Cas-9-Mediated Genome Editing
title_full	Mechanism and Applications of CRISPR/Cas-9-Mediated Genome Editing
title_fullStr	Mechanism and Applications of CRISPR/Cas-9-Mediated Genome Editing
title_full_unstemmed	Mechanism and Applications of CRISPR/Cas-9-Mediated Genome Editing
title_sort	mechanism and applications of crispr/cas-9-mediated genome editing
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7925c437b3784f7d97e68f500b533467
work_keys_str_mv	AT asmamawm mechanismandapplicationsofcrisprcas9mediatedgenomeediting AT zawdieb mechanismandapplicationsofcrisprcas9mediatedgenomeediting
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Mechanism and Applications of CRISPR/Cas-9-Mediated Genome Editing

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