Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure

Objective: The early window of opportunity describes the timeframe after birth in which essential interactions of the immune system and the newly developing microbiota take place. The infant's immune system has to be reactive to invading pathogens and at the same time tolerant to dietary antige...

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Autores principales:	Mathias Hornef, MD, Oliver Pabst, PhD, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, MD, PhD, Manja Fleddermann, PhD, Erika von Mutius, MD, Monika Schaubeck, PhD, Alessandro Fiocchi, MD
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Allergy Allergy prevention Oral tolerance Window of opportunity Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/792a551924274890a02ef9649282dbbd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:792a551924274890a02ef9649282dbbd2021-11-22T04:20:19ZAllergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure1939-455110.1016/j.waojou.2021.100586https://doaj.org/article/792a551924274890a02ef9649282dbbd2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1939455121000806https://doaj.org/toc/1939-4551Objective: The early window of opportunity describes the timeframe after birth in which essential interactions of the immune system and the newly developing microbiota take place. The infant's immune system has to be reactive to invading pathogens and at the same time tolerant to dietary antigens. If the mechanisms of defense and tolerance induction are disturbed, the risk of infections or allergies is increased. Method: This is a narrative review of the recently published information on the topic of neonatal intestinal development and mechanisms of oral tolerance and summarizes the discussions and conclusions from the 8th Human Milk Workshop. Results: The early postnatal period sets the stage for life-long host-microbiome interaction. In this early phase, specific developmental mechanisms ensure physiologic interaction with the developing microbiota. Innate and adaptive immune cells interact in a concerted way to induce and uphold oral tolerance. Factors in human milk can support this induction of tolerance and simultaneously protect against infection and allergy development. Conclusion: Understanding the developmental mechanisms in this early phase of immune system development is the first step to develop strategies of pathology prevention. As human milk protects the infant from infections, and aids to develop a tolerogenic immune response, further knowledge on the protective factors in human milk and their effect on the immune system is required.Mathias Hornef, MDOliver Pabst, PhDIsabella Annesi-Maesano, MD, PhDManja Fleddermann, PhDErika von Mutius, MDMonika Schaubeck, PhDAlessandro Fiocchi, MDElsevierarticleAllergyAllergy preventionOral toleranceWindow of opportunityImmunologic diseases. AllergyRC581-607ENWorld Allergy Organization Journal, Vol 14, Iss 11, Pp 100586- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Allergy Allergy prevention Oral tolerance Window of opportunity Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
spellingShingle	Allergy Allergy prevention Oral tolerance Window of opportunity Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Mathias Hornef, MD Oliver Pabst, PhD Isabella Annesi-Maesano, MD, PhD Manja Fleddermann, PhD Erika von Mutius, MD Monika Schaubeck, PhD Alessandro Fiocchi, MD Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure
description	Objective: The early window of opportunity describes the timeframe after birth in which essential interactions of the immune system and the newly developing microbiota take place. The infant's immune system has to be reactive to invading pathogens and at the same time tolerant to dietary antigens. If the mechanisms of defense and tolerance induction are disturbed, the risk of infections or allergies is increased. Method: This is a narrative review of the recently published information on the topic of neonatal intestinal development and mechanisms of oral tolerance and summarizes the discussions and conclusions from the 8th Human Milk Workshop. Results: The early postnatal period sets the stage for life-long host-microbiome interaction. In this early phase, specific developmental mechanisms ensure physiologic interaction with the developing microbiota. Innate and adaptive immune cells interact in a concerted way to induce and uphold oral tolerance. Factors in human milk can support this induction of tolerance and simultaneously protect against infection and allergy development. Conclusion: Understanding the developmental mechanisms in this early phase of immune system development is the first step to develop strategies of pathology prevention. As human milk protects the infant from infections, and aids to develop a tolerogenic immune response, further knowledge on the protective factors in human milk and their effect on the immune system is required.
format	article
author	Mathias Hornef, MD Oliver Pabst, PhD Isabella Annesi-Maesano, MD, PhD Manja Fleddermann, PhD Erika von Mutius, MD Monika Schaubeck, PhD Alessandro Fiocchi, MD
author_facet	Mathias Hornef, MD Oliver Pabst, PhD Isabella Annesi-Maesano, MD, PhD Manja Fleddermann, PhD Erika von Mutius, MD Monika Schaubeck, PhD Alessandro Fiocchi, MD
author_sort	Mathias Hornef, MD
title	Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure
title_short	Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure
title_full	Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure
title_fullStr	Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure
title_full_unstemmed	Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure
title_sort	allergic diseases in infancy ii–oral tolerance and its failure
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/792a551924274890a02ef9649282dbbd
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Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure

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