Benefits or Risks: What Influences Novice Drivers Regarding Adopting Smart Cars?

Level 4 autonomous vehicles (AVs) are smart vehicles that can move between two different points without any human interference. In 2018, the Saudi Arabian ban on female drivers was finally lifted, resulting in a large number of novice women drivers of different ages. The Kingdom might therefore be c...

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Autores principales:	Areej Ahmad Alshaafee, Noorminshah A. Iahad, Mohammed A. Al-Sharafi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	artificial intelligence alternatives autonomous vehicles net valence model personal innovativeness social influence Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7974be88a0a146fe9ed9922129b3180a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7974be88a0a146fe9ed9922129b3180a2021-11-11T19:36:14ZBenefits or Risks: What Influences Novice Drivers Regarding Adopting Smart Cars?10.3390/su1321119162071-1050https://doaj.org/article/7974be88a0a146fe9ed9922129b3180a2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/11916https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050Level 4 autonomous vehicles (AVs) are smart vehicles that can move between two different points without any human interference. In 2018, the Saudi Arabian ban on female drivers was finally lifted, resulting in a large number of novice women drivers of different ages. The Kingdom might therefore be considered a risky place to drive, but AVs would help novices to reduce their fear of driving and reduce accidents. Previous studies focused narrowly on those who already had sufficient driving experience and held a valid driving license, but there were no studies on the adoption of smart cars by novice drivers. Based on a literature search, no studies had used a net valence model (NVM) for the adoption of AVs to understand their benefits/risks. Therefore, this study proposed an adoption model for AVs using an NVM to identify the benefit and risk factors that have an impact on beginner drivers’ adoption of autonomous vehicles. A survey method was applied using the purposive sampling technique. Data were collected from 1400 female Saudi novice drivers who had experience with driving AVs. Data analysis was performed using Smart PLS Version 3. The results showed that individuals tended to ignore potential risks and focus instead on the potential benefits of using AVs. Performance expectancy, enjoyment, and effort expectancy were found to be positively related to the perceived advantages. On the other hand, the perceived risk as a construct did not have an impact on beginner drivers’ adoption of autonomous vehicles. Therefore, the major theoretical contribution of this study was the formation of a new NVM model by incorporating three more constructs, which were social influence, personal innovativeness, and alternatives. Finally, the enhanced NVM model could assist AV developers in identifying the expected benefits and drawbacks of AV adoption.Areej Ahmad AlshaafeeNoorminshah A. IahadMohammed A. Al-SharafiMDPI AGarticleartificial intelligencealternativesautonomous vehiclesnet valence modelpersonal innovativenesssocial influenceEnvironmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 11916, p 11916 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	artificial intelligence alternatives autonomous vehicles net valence model personal innovativeness social influence Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	artificial intelligence alternatives autonomous vehicles net valence model personal innovativeness social influence Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Areej Ahmad Alshaafee Noorminshah A. Iahad Mohammed A. Al-Sharafi Benefits or Risks: What Influences Novice Drivers Regarding Adopting Smart Cars?
description	Level 4 autonomous vehicles (AVs) are smart vehicles that can move between two different points without any human interference. In 2018, the Saudi Arabian ban on female drivers was finally lifted, resulting in a large number of novice women drivers of different ages. The Kingdom might therefore be considered a risky place to drive, but AVs would help novices to reduce their fear of driving and reduce accidents. Previous studies focused narrowly on those who already had sufficient driving experience and held a valid driving license, but there were no studies on the adoption of smart cars by novice drivers. Based on a literature search, no studies had used a net valence model (NVM) for the adoption of AVs to understand their benefits/risks. Therefore, this study proposed an adoption model for AVs using an NVM to identify the benefit and risk factors that have an impact on beginner drivers’ adoption of autonomous vehicles. A survey method was applied using the purposive sampling technique. Data were collected from 1400 female Saudi novice drivers who had experience with driving AVs. Data analysis was performed using Smart PLS Version 3. The results showed that individuals tended to ignore potential risks and focus instead on the potential benefits of using AVs. Performance expectancy, enjoyment, and effort expectancy were found to be positively related to the perceived advantages. On the other hand, the perceived risk as a construct did not have an impact on beginner drivers’ adoption of autonomous vehicles. Therefore, the major theoretical contribution of this study was the formation of a new NVM model by incorporating three more constructs, which were social influence, personal innovativeness, and alternatives. Finally, the enhanced NVM model could assist AV developers in identifying the expected benefits and drawbacks of AV adoption.
format	article
author	Areej Ahmad Alshaafee Noorminshah A. Iahad Mohammed A. Al-Sharafi
author_facet	Areej Ahmad Alshaafee Noorminshah A. Iahad Mohammed A. Al-Sharafi
author_sort	Areej Ahmad Alshaafee
title	Benefits or Risks: What Influences Novice Drivers Regarding Adopting Smart Cars?
title_short	Benefits or Risks: What Influences Novice Drivers Regarding Adopting Smart Cars?
title_full	Benefits or Risks: What Influences Novice Drivers Regarding Adopting Smart Cars?
title_fullStr	Benefits or Risks: What Influences Novice Drivers Regarding Adopting Smart Cars?
title_full_unstemmed	Benefits or Risks: What Influences Novice Drivers Regarding Adopting Smart Cars?
title_sort	benefits or risks: what influences novice drivers regarding adopting smart cars?
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7974be88a0a146fe9ed9922129b3180a
work_keys_str_mv	AT areejahmadalshaafee benefitsorriskswhatinfluencesnovicedriversregardingadoptingsmartcars AT noorminshahaiahad benefitsorriskswhatinfluencesnovicedriversregardingadoptingsmartcars AT mohammedaalsharafi benefitsorriskswhatinfluencesnovicedriversregardingadoptingsmartcars
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Benefits or Risks: What Influences Novice Drivers Regarding Adopting Smart Cars?

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