Tracing Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Emulsions by Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies: Identification of Spectral Markers

Vinyl emulsions started to be used by artists in paintings at least since the early 1960s, being now present in several artworks worldwide. However, different vinyl formulations can result in distinct behaviours over time, and if some artworks are currently showing a good condition, others already s...

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Autores principales:	Susana França De Sá, Carolina Viana, Joana Lia Ferreira
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	poly(vinyl acetate) aqueous vinyl emulsions plastic paints formulations infrared spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy spectral markers Organic chemistry QD241-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/797c3e3e12074047a324dca71c3c5c86
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:797c3e3e12074047a324dca71c3c5c862021-11-11T18:41:10ZTracing Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Emulsions by Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies: Identification of Spectral Markers10.3390/polym132136092073-4360https://doaj.org/article/797c3e3e12074047a324dca71c3c5c862021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/21/3609https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4360Vinyl emulsions started to be used by artists in paintings at least since the early 1960s, being now present in several artworks worldwide. However, different vinyl formulations can result in distinct behaviours over time, and if some artworks are currently showing a good condition, others already show damages due to the use of compositions more susceptible to degradation. For this reason, it is fundamental to identify the main components in the vinyl acetate-based (VAc-based) emulsion. This work focuses on the molecular study of VAc-based emulsions by infrared and Raman spectroscopies. It aims at deepening the knowledge on the variability of the composite formulation and on the identification of characteristic bands and spectral profiles (identified as spectral markers) for both polymer and additives. To this end, a broad set of vinyl emulsions was gathered, including reference materials, historical commercial brands in use by Portuguese artists, and commercial brands collected from industrial companies. The entire set includes vinyl homopolymers produced for the purpose of the study and known formulations of vinyl homopolymers and copolymers, with and without plasticisers, according to technical data sheets and previous studies. Furthermore, unknown formulations have been included to validate the usefulness of the identified spectral markers. This set has been studied in the form of solid films deposited in glass slides by infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection mode (ATR-FTIR) and micro-Raman spectroscopy (µ-Raman), both conducted in situ. As conclusions, the combined use of ATR-FTIR and µ-Raman proved to be very useful as different spectral markers were detected by each technique, confirming their complementarity. Besides the clear identification of vinyl acetate-based emulsions by both techniques, it was also possible to suggest spectral markers for the copolymerisation of vinyl acetate with vinyl versatate by µ-Raman, the stabilisation of the emulsion with poly(vinyl alcohol) by ATR-FTIR, and the addition of phthalates or benzoates plasticisers by both ATR-FTIR and µ-Raman.Susana França De SáCarolina VianaJoana Lia FerreiraMDPI AGarticlepoly(vinyl acetate)aqueous vinyl emulsionsplastic paints formulationsinfrared spectroscopyRaman spectroscopyspectral markersOrganic chemistryQD241-441ENPolymers, Vol 13, Iss 3609, p 3609 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	poly(vinyl acetate) aqueous vinyl emulsions plastic paints formulations infrared spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy spectral markers Organic chemistry QD241-441
spellingShingle	poly(vinyl acetate) aqueous vinyl emulsions plastic paints formulations infrared spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy spectral markers Organic chemistry QD241-441 Susana França De Sá Carolina Viana Joana Lia Ferreira Tracing Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Emulsions by Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies: Identification of Spectral Markers
description	Vinyl emulsions started to be used by artists in paintings at least since the early 1960s, being now present in several artworks worldwide. However, different vinyl formulations can result in distinct behaviours over time, and if some artworks are currently showing a good condition, others already show damages due to the use of compositions more susceptible to degradation. For this reason, it is fundamental to identify the main components in the vinyl acetate-based (VAc-based) emulsion. This work focuses on the molecular study of VAc-based emulsions by infrared and Raman spectroscopies. It aims at deepening the knowledge on the variability of the composite formulation and on the identification of characteristic bands and spectral profiles (identified as spectral markers) for both polymer and additives. To this end, a broad set of vinyl emulsions was gathered, including reference materials, historical commercial brands in use by Portuguese artists, and commercial brands collected from industrial companies. The entire set includes vinyl homopolymers produced for the purpose of the study and known formulations of vinyl homopolymers and copolymers, with and without plasticisers, according to technical data sheets and previous studies. Furthermore, unknown formulations have been included to validate the usefulness of the identified spectral markers. This set has been studied in the form of solid films deposited in glass slides by infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection mode (ATR-FTIR) and micro-Raman spectroscopy (µ-Raman), both conducted in situ. As conclusions, the combined use of ATR-FTIR and µ-Raman proved to be very useful as different spectral markers were detected by each technique, confirming their complementarity. Besides the clear identification of vinyl acetate-based emulsions by both techniques, it was also possible to suggest spectral markers for the copolymerisation of vinyl acetate with vinyl versatate by µ-Raman, the stabilisation of the emulsion with poly(vinyl alcohol) by ATR-FTIR, and the addition of phthalates or benzoates plasticisers by both ATR-FTIR and µ-Raman.
format	article
author	Susana França De Sá Carolina Viana Joana Lia Ferreira
author_facet	Susana França De Sá Carolina Viana Joana Lia Ferreira
author_sort	Susana França De Sá
title	Tracing Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Emulsions by Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies: Identification of Spectral Markers
title_short	Tracing Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Emulsions by Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies: Identification of Spectral Markers
title_full	Tracing Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Emulsions by Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies: Identification of Spectral Markers
title_fullStr	Tracing Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Emulsions by Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies: Identification of Spectral Markers
title_full_unstemmed	Tracing Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Emulsions by Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies: Identification of Spectral Markers
title_sort	tracing poly(vinyl acetate) emulsions by infrared and raman spectroscopies: identification of spectral markers
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/797c3e3e12074047a324dca71c3c5c86
work_keys_str_mv	AT susanafrancadesa tracingpolyvinylacetateemulsionsbyinfraredandramanspectroscopiesidentificationofspectralmarkers AT carolinaviana tracingpolyvinylacetateemulsionsbyinfraredandramanspectroscopiesidentificationofspectralmarkers AT joanaliaferreira tracingpolyvinylacetateemulsionsbyinfraredandramanspectroscopiesidentificationofspectralmarkers
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Tracing Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Emulsions by Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies: Identification of Spectral Markers

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