Arguing in Favor of Revising the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire Factor Structure When Assessing Side Effects Induced by Immersions in Virtual Reality

Two issues are increasingly of interest in the scientific literature regarding unwanted virtual reality (VR) induced side effects: (1) whether the latent structure of the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) is comprised of two or three factors, and (2) if the SSQ measures symptoms of anxiety that...

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Autores principales:	Stéphane Bouchard, Maxine Berthiaume, Geneviève Robillard, Hélène Forget, Camille Daudelin-Peltier, Patrice Renaud, Caroline Blais, Daniel Fiset
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	simulator sickness questionnaire simulator sickness cybersickness trier stress social test anxiety virtual reality Psychiatry RC435-571
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/798439c61b624c368bd962c3293b2317
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:798439c61b624c368bd962c3293b23172021-11-05T16:46:56ZArguing in Favor of Revising the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire Factor Structure When Assessing Side Effects Induced by Immersions in Virtual Reality1664-064010.3389/fpsyt.2021.739742https://doaj.org/article/798439c61b624c368bd962c3293b23172021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.739742/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-0640Two issues are increasingly of interest in the scientific literature regarding unwanted virtual reality (VR) induced side effects: (1) whether the latent structure of the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) is comprised of two or three factors, and (2) if the SSQ measures symptoms of anxiety that can be misattributed to unwanted negative side effects induced by immersions in VR. Study 1 was conducted with a sample of 876 participants. A confirmatory factor analysis clearly supported a two-factor model composed of nausea and oculomotor symptoms instead of the 3-factor structure observed in simulators. To tease-out symptoms of anxiety from unwanted negative side effects induced by immersions in VR, Study 2 was conducted with 88 participants who were administered the Trier Stress Social Test in groups without being immersed in VR. A Spearman correlation showed that 11 out of 16 side effects correlated significantly with anxiety. A factor analysis revealed that items measuring general discomfort, difficulty concentrating, sweating, nausea, and vertigo loaded significantly on the anxiety factor comprised of items from the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Finally, a multiple regression indicated that the items measuring general discomfort and difficulty concentrating significantly predicted increases in anxiety. The overall results support the notion that side effects associated with immersions in VR consist mostly of a nausea and an oculomotor latent structure and that a few items are confounding anxiety and cybersickness. The data support the suggestion to revise the scoring procedures of the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire when using this instrument with immersions in VR.Stéphane BouchardStéphane BouchardStéphane BouchardMaxine BerthiaumeGeneviève RobillardGeneviève RobillardHélène ForgetCamille Daudelin-PeltierPatrice RenaudCaroline BlaisDaniel FisetFrontiers Media S.A.articlesimulator sickness questionnairesimulator sicknesscybersicknesstrier stress social testanxietyvirtual realityPsychiatryRC435-571ENFrontiers in Psychiatry, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	simulator sickness questionnaire simulator sickness cybersickness trier stress social test anxiety virtual reality Psychiatry RC435-571
spellingShingle	simulator sickness questionnaire simulator sickness cybersickness trier stress social test anxiety virtual reality Psychiatry RC435-571 Stéphane Bouchard Stéphane Bouchard Stéphane Bouchard Maxine Berthiaume Geneviève Robillard Geneviève Robillard Hélène Forget Camille Daudelin-Peltier Patrice Renaud Caroline Blais Daniel Fiset Arguing in Favor of Revising the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire Factor Structure When Assessing Side Effects Induced by Immersions in Virtual Reality
description	Two issues are increasingly of interest in the scientific literature regarding unwanted virtual reality (VR) induced side effects: (1) whether the latent structure of the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) is comprised of two or three factors, and (2) if the SSQ measures symptoms of anxiety that can be misattributed to unwanted negative side effects induced by immersions in VR. Study 1 was conducted with a sample of 876 participants. A confirmatory factor analysis clearly supported a two-factor model composed of nausea and oculomotor symptoms instead of the 3-factor structure observed in simulators. To tease-out symptoms of anxiety from unwanted negative side effects induced by immersions in VR, Study 2 was conducted with 88 participants who were administered the Trier Stress Social Test in groups without being immersed in VR. A Spearman correlation showed that 11 out of 16 side effects correlated significantly with anxiety. A factor analysis revealed that items measuring general discomfort, difficulty concentrating, sweating, nausea, and vertigo loaded significantly on the anxiety factor comprised of items from the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Finally, a multiple regression indicated that the items measuring general discomfort and difficulty concentrating significantly predicted increases in anxiety. The overall results support the notion that side effects associated with immersions in VR consist mostly of a nausea and an oculomotor latent structure and that a few items are confounding anxiety and cybersickness. The data support the suggestion to revise the scoring procedures of the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire when using this instrument with immersions in VR.
format	article
author	Stéphane Bouchard Stéphane Bouchard Stéphane Bouchard Maxine Berthiaume Geneviève Robillard Geneviève Robillard Hélène Forget Camille Daudelin-Peltier Patrice Renaud Caroline Blais Daniel Fiset
author_facet	Stéphane Bouchard Stéphane Bouchard Stéphane Bouchard Maxine Berthiaume Geneviève Robillard Geneviève Robillard Hélène Forget Camille Daudelin-Peltier Patrice Renaud Caroline Blais Daniel Fiset
author_sort	Stéphane Bouchard
title	Arguing in Favor of Revising the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire Factor Structure When Assessing Side Effects Induced by Immersions in Virtual Reality
title_short	Arguing in Favor of Revising the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire Factor Structure When Assessing Side Effects Induced by Immersions in Virtual Reality
title_full	Arguing in Favor of Revising the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire Factor Structure When Assessing Side Effects Induced by Immersions in Virtual Reality
title_fullStr	Arguing in Favor of Revising the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire Factor Structure When Assessing Side Effects Induced by Immersions in Virtual Reality
title_full_unstemmed	Arguing in Favor of Revising the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire Factor Structure When Assessing Side Effects Induced by Immersions in Virtual Reality
title_sort	arguing in favor of revising the simulator sickness questionnaire factor structure when assessing side effects induced by immersions in virtual reality
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/798439c61b624c368bd962c3293b2317
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Arguing in Favor of Revising the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire Factor Structure When Assessing Side Effects Induced by Immersions in Virtual Reality

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