Does Irrigation with Treated and Untreated Wastewater Increase Antimicrobial Resistance in Soil and Water: A Systematic Review

Population growth and water scarcity necessitate alternative agriculture practices, such as reusing wastewater for irrigation. Domestic wastewater has been used for irrigation for centuries in many historically low-income and arid countries and is becoming more widely used by high-income countries t...

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Autores principales:	Stacy Slobodiuk, Caitlin Niven, Greer Arthur, Siddhartha Thakur, Ayse Ercumen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	antimicrobial resistance resistance genes resistant bacteria persistent organic pollutants wastewater irrigation wastewater reuse Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7a29492efaa8491a88f5ad9f1243bbb1
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7a29492efaa8491a88f5ad9f1243bbb12021-11-11T16:12:00ZDoes Irrigation with Treated and Untreated Wastewater Increase Antimicrobial Resistance in Soil and Water: A Systematic Review10.3390/ijerph1821110461660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/7a29492efaa8491a88f5ad9f1243bbb12021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11046https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601Population growth and water scarcity necessitate alternative agriculture practices, such as reusing wastewater for irrigation. Domestic wastewater has been used for irrigation for centuries in many historically low-income and arid countries and is becoming more widely used by high-income countries to augment water resources in an increasingly dry climate. Wastewater treatment processes are not fully effective in removing all contaminants, such as antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Literature reviews on the impact of wastewater irrigation on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment have been inconclusive and mostly focused on treated wastewater. We conducted the first systematic review to assess the impact of irrigation with both treated or untreated domestic wastewater on ARB and ARGs in soil and adjacent water bodies. We screened titles/abstracts of 3002 articles, out of which 41 were screened in full text and 26 were included in this review. Of these, thirteen investigated irrigation with untreated wastewater, and nine found a positive association with ARB/ARGs in soil. Out of thirteen studies focused on treated wastewater, six found a positive association with ARB/ARGs while six found mixed/negative associations. Our findings demonstrate that irrigation with untreated wastewater increases AMR in soil and call for precautionary action by field workers, their families, and consumers when untreated wastewater is used to irrigate crops. The effect of irrigation with treated wastewater was more variable among the studies included in our review, highlighting the need to better understand to what extent AMR is disseminated through this practice. Future research should assess factors that modify the effect of wastewater irrigation on AMR in soil, such as the degree and type of wastewater treatment, and the duration and intensity of irrigation, to inform guidelines on the reuse of wastewater for irrigation.Stacy SlobodiukCaitlin NivenGreer ArthurSiddhartha ThakurAyse ErcumenMDPI AGarticleantimicrobial resistanceresistance genesresistant bacteriapersistent organic pollutantswastewater irrigationwastewater reuseMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11046, p 11046 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	antimicrobial resistance resistance genes resistant bacteria persistent organic pollutants wastewater irrigation wastewater reuse Medicine R
spellingShingle	antimicrobial resistance resistance genes resistant bacteria persistent organic pollutants wastewater irrigation wastewater reuse Medicine R Stacy Slobodiuk Caitlin Niven Greer Arthur Siddhartha Thakur Ayse Ercumen Does Irrigation with Treated and Untreated Wastewater Increase Antimicrobial Resistance in Soil and Water: A Systematic Review
description	Population growth and water scarcity necessitate alternative agriculture practices, such as reusing wastewater for irrigation. Domestic wastewater has been used for irrigation for centuries in many historically low-income and arid countries and is becoming more widely used by high-income countries to augment water resources in an increasingly dry climate. Wastewater treatment processes are not fully effective in removing all contaminants, such as antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Literature reviews on the impact of wastewater irrigation on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment have been inconclusive and mostly focused on treated wastewater. We conducted the first systematic review to assess the impact of irrigation with both treated or untreated domestic wastewater on ARB and ARGs in soil and adjacent water bodies. We screened titles/abstracts of 3002 articles, out of which 41 were screened in full text and 26 were included in this review. Of these, thirteen investigated irrigation with untreated wastewater, and nine found a positive association with ARB/ARGs in soil. Out of thirteen studies focused on treated wastewater, six found a positive association with ARB/ARGs while six found mixed/negative associations. Our findings demonstrate that irrigation with untreated wastewater increases AMR in soil and call for precautionary action by field workers, their families, and consumers when untreated wastewater is used to irrigate crops. The effect of irrigation with treated wastewater was more variable among the studies included in our review, highlighting the need to better understand to what extent AMR is disseminated through this practice. Future research should assess factors that modify the effect of wastewater irrigation on AMR in soil, such as the degree and type of wastewater treatment, and the duration and intensity of irrigation, to inform guidelines on the reuse of wastewater for irrigation.
format	article
author	Stacy Slobodiuk Caitlin Niven Greer Arthur Siddhartha Thakur Ayse Ercumen
author_facet	Stacy Slobodiuk Caitlin Niven Greer Arthur Siddhartha Thakur Ayse Ercumen
author_sort	Stacy Slobodiuk
title	Does Irrigation with Treated and Untreated Wastewater Increase Antimicrobial Resistance in Soil and Water: A Systematic Review
title_short	Does Irrigation with Treated and Untreated Wastewater Increase Antimicrobial Resistance in Soil and Water: A Systematic Review
title_full	Does Irrigation with Treated and Untreated Wastewater Increase Antimicrobial Resistance in Soil and Water: A Systematic Review
title_fullStr	Does Irrigation with Treated and Untreated Wastewater Increase Antimicrobial Resistance in Soil and Water: A Systematic Review
title_full_unstemmed	Does Irrigation with Treated and Untreated Wastewater Increase Antimicrobial Resistance in Soil and Water: A Systematic Review
title_sort	does irrigation with treated and untreated wastewater increase antimicrobial resistance in soil and water: a systematic review
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7a29492efaa8491a88f5ad9f1243bbb1
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Does Irrigation with Treated and Untreated Wastewater Increase Antimicrobial Resistance in Soil and Water: A Systematic Review

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