Contribution of sewage to occurrence of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in natural water

Abstract Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5i, such as Sildenafil, Tadalafil and Vardenafil, mainly prescribed to treat erectile dysfunction) and their generic drug equivalents have been widely marketed and consumed in Korea. From the concentrations detected in wastewater, we could deduce that rel...

Descripción completa

Guardado en:

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales:	Youngmin Hong, Ingyu Lee, Beomseok Tae, Wonseok Lee, Shu-Yuan Pan, Seth W. Snyder, Hyunook Kim
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7a5c21ed1a654bfbb9314580c13e26a7
Etiquetas:	Agregar Etiqueta Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!

id	oai:doaj.org-article:7a5c21ed1a654bfbb9314580c13e26a7
record_format	dspace
spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7a5c21ed1a654bfbb9314580c13e26a72021-12-02T16:49:07ZContribution of sewage to occurrence of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in natural water10.1038/s41598-021-89028-32045-2322https://doaj.org/article/7a5c21ed1a654bfbb9314580c13e26a72021-05-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89028-3https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5i, such as Sildenafil, Tadalafil and Vardenafil, mainly prescribed to treat erectile dysfunction) and their generic drug equivalents have been widely marketed and consumed in Korea. From the concentrations detected in wastewater, we could deduce that relatively large amounts of PDE-5i were consumed without a legal prescription. Thus, PDE-5i’s presence in the environment via sewage is unavoidable, and their environmental fate within a sewage treatment plant (STP) should be evaluated. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of three PDE-5i analogs in the influent and effluent of two STPs and the receiving water bodies. The PDE-5i concentration in total reached 62 ± 12 (STP#1) and 88 ± 37 ng L−1 (STP#2) in the sewage influent; about 70% of it was Sildenafil in both STPs. However, they were hardly removed by the STPs as the removal efficiency of the STPs was less than 10% ± 5%. Therefore, the pharmaceuticals were detected in the receiving water (lower than 7 ng L−1as a total amount) and the concentration slightly increased downstream of the STPs. A simple mass balance model applied for the compounds in the STP effluent and receiving water bodies also confirmed that the discharged PDE-5i were quite persistent. Lastly, we identified temporal and regional patterns in the consumption of the drugs from daily variations of PDE-5i in the influent to these two STPs. For instance, the levels of PDE-5i in the sewage significantly increased on weekends (from Friday to Saturday), and especially in the area where adult-entertainment businesses are common. We estimated that the amount of PDE-5i consumption in this area was 31% higher than that in the area with fewer nightlife spots. Considering that they are pharmaceutically active and resistant to treatment processes within an STP, it is advised that a regular monitoring and management program for PDE-5i should be developed to prevent the discharge of the pharmaceuticals into the water environment.Youngmin HongIngyu LeeBeomseok TaeWonseok LeeShu-Yuan PanSeth W. SnyderHyunook KimNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Youngmin Hong Ingyu Lee Beomseok Tae Wonseok Lee Shu-Yuan Pan Seth W. Snyder Hyunook Kim Contribution of sewage to occurrence of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in natural water
description	Abstract Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5i, such as Sildenafil, Tadalafil and Vardenafil, mainly prescribed to treat erectile dysfunction) and their generic drug equivalents have been widely marketed and consumed in Korea. From the concentrations detected in wastewater, we could deduce that relatively large amounts of PDE-5i were consumed without a legal prescription. Thus, PDE-5i’s presence in the environment via sewage is unavoidable, and their environmental fate within a sewage treatment plant (STP) should be evaluated. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of three PDE-5i analogs in the influent and effluent of two STPs and the receiving water bodies. The PDE-5i concentration in total reached 62 ± 12 (STP#1) and 88 ± 37 ng L−1 (STP#2) in the sewage influent; about 70% of it was Sildenafil in both STPs. However, they were hardly removed by the STPs as the removal efficiency of the STPs was less than 10% ± 5%. Therefore, the pharmaceuticals were detected in the receiving water (lower than 7 ng L−1as a total amount) and the concentration slightly increased downstream of the STPs. A simple mass balance model applied for the compounds in the STP effluent and receiving water bodies also confirmed that the discharged PDE-5i were quite persistent. Lastly, we identified temporal and regional patterns in the consumption of the drugs from daily variations of PDE-5i in the influent to these two STPs. For instance, the levels of PDE-5i in the sewage significantly increased on weekends (from Friday to Saturday), and especially in the area where adult-entertainment businesses are common. We estimated that the amount of PDE-5i consumption in this area was 31% higher than that in the area with fewer nightlife spots. Considering that they are pharmaceutically active and resistant to treatment processes within an STP, it is advised that a regular monitoring and management program for PDE-5i should be developed to prevent the discharge of the pharmaceuticals into the water environment.
format	article
author	Youngmin Hong Ingyu Lee Beomseok Tae Wonseok Lee Shu-Yuan Pan Seth W. Snyder Hyunook Kim
author_facet	Youngmin Hong Ingyu Lee Beomseok Tae Wonseok Lee Shu-Yuan Pan Seth W. Snyder Hyunook Kim
author_sort	Youngmin Hong
title	Contribution of sewage to occurrence of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in natural water
title_short	Contribution of sewage to occurrence of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in natural water
title_full	Contribution of sewage to occurrence of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in natural water
title_fullStr	Contribution of sewage to occurrence of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in natural water
title_full_unstemmed	Contribution of sewage to occurrence of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in natural water
title_sort	contribution of sewage to occurrence of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in natural water
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7a5c21ed1a654bfbb9314580c13e26a7
work_keys_str_mv	AT youngminhong contributionofsewagetooccurrenceofphosphodiesterase5inhibitorsinnaturalwater AT ingyulee contributionofsewagetooccurrenceofphosphodiesterase5inhibitorsinnaturalwater AT beomseoktae contributionofsewagetooccurrenceofphosphodiesterase5inhibitorsinnaturalwater AT wonseoklee contributionofsewagetooccurrenceofphosphodiesterase5inhibitorsinnaturalwater AT shuyuanpan contributionofsewagetooccurrenceofphosphodiesterase5inhibitorsinnaturalwater AT sethwsnyder contributionofsewagetooccurrenceofphosphodiesterase5inhibitorsinnaturalwater AT hyunookkim contributionofsewagetooccurrenceofphosphodiesterase5inhibitorsinnaturalwater
_version_	1718383405208436736

Contribution of sewage to occurrence of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in natural water

Ejemplares similares