Medication Trends for Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is central vision loss with aging, was the fourth main cause of blindness in 2015, and has many risk factors, such as cataract surgery, cigarette smoking, family history, hypertension, obesity, long-term smart device usage, etc. AMD is classified into three cat...

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Autores principales:	Yeon-Kyoung Cho, Dae-Hun Park, In-Chul Jeon
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	age-related macular degeneration (AMD) medication device-based therapy anti-inflammatory drugs anti-VEGFs natural products Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7a5d3af76ff94eee9f10ff0f852dae48
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7a5d3af76ff94eee9f10ff0f852dae482021-11-11T17:16:15ZMedication Trends for Age-Related Macular Degeneration10.3390/ijms2221118371422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/7a5d3af76ff94eee9f10ff0f852dae482021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11837https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is central vision loss with aging, was the fourth main cause of blindness in 2015, and has many risk factors, such as cataract surgery, cigarette smoking, family history, hypertension, obesity, long-term smart device usage, etc. AMD is classified into three categories: normal AMD, early AMD, and late AMD, based on angiogenesis in the retina, and can be determined by bis-retinoid <i>N</i>-retinyl-<i>N</i>-retinylidene ethanolamine (A2E)-epoxides from the reaction of A2E and blue light. During the reaction of A2E and blue light, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are synthesized, which gather inflammatory factors, induce carbonyl stress, and finally stimulate the death of retinal pigment epitheliums (RPEs). There are several medications for AMD, such as device-based therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-VEGFs, and natural products. For device-based therapy, two methods are used: prophylactic laser therapy (photocoagulation laser therapy) and photodynamic therapy. Anti-inflammatory drugs consist of corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Anti-VEGFs are classified antibodies for VEGF, aptamer, soluble receptor, VEGF receptor-1 and -2 antibody, and VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Finally, additional AMD drug candidates are derived from natural products. For each medication, there are several and severe adverse effects, but natural products have a potency as AMD drugs, as they have been used as culinary materials and/or traditional medicines for a long time. Their major application route is oral administration, and they can be combined with device-based therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, and anti-VEGFs. In general, AMD drug candidates from natural products are more effective at treating early and intermediate AMD. However, further study is needed to evaluate their efficacy and to investigate their therapeutic mechanisms.Yeon-Kyoung ChoDae-Hun ParkIn-Chul JeonMDPI AGarticleage-related macular degeneration (AMD)medicationdevice-based therapyanti-inflammatory drugsanti-VEGFsnatural productsBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 11837, p 11837 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	age-related macular degeneration (AMD) medication device-based therapy anti-inflammatory drugs anti-VEGFs natural products Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	age-related macular degeneration (AMD) medication device-based therapy anti-inflammatory drugs anti-VEGFs natural products Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Yeon-Kyoung Cho Dae-Hun Park In-Chul Jeon Medication Trends for Age-Related Macular Degeneration
description	Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is central vision loss with aging, was the fourth main cause of blindness in 2015, and has many risk factors, such as cataract surgery, cigarette smoking, family history, hypertension, obesity, long-term smart device usage, etc. AMD is classified into three categories: normal AMD, early AMD, and late AMD, based on angiogenesis in the retina, and can be determined by bis-retinoid <i>N</i>-retinyl-<i>N</i>-retinylidene ethanolamine (A2E)-epoxides from the reaction of A2E and blue light. During the reaction of A2E and blue light, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are synthesized, which gather inflammatory factors, induce carbonyl stress, and finally stimulate the death of retinal pigment epitheliums (RPEs). There are several medications for AMD, such as device-based therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-VEGFs, and natural products. For device-based therapy, two methods are used: prophylactic laser therapy (photocoagulation laser therapy) and photodynamic therapy. Anti-inflammatory drugs consist of corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Anti-VEGFs are classified antibodies for VEGF, aptamer, soluble receptor, VEGF receptor-1 and -2 antibody, and VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Finally, additional AMD drug candidates are derived from natural products. For each medication, there are several and severe adverse effects, but natural products have a potency as AMD drugs, as they have been used as culinary materials and/or traditional medicines for a long time. Their major application route is oral administration, and they can be combined with device-based therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, and anti-VEGFs. In general, AMD drug candidates from natural products are more effective at treating early and intermediate AMD. However, further study is needed to evaluate their efficacy and to investigate their therapeutic mechanisms.
format	article
author	Yeon-Kyoung Cho Dae-Hun Park In-Chul Jeon
author_facet	Yeon-Kyoung Cho Dae-Hun Park In-Chul Jeon
author_sort	Yeon-Kyoung Cho
title	Medication Trends for Age-Related Macular Degeneration
title_short	Medication Trends for Age-Related Macular Degeneration
title_full	Medication Trends for Age-Related Macular Degeneration
title_fullStr	Medication Trends for Age-Related Macular Degeneration
title_full_unstemmed	Medication Trends for Age-Related Macular Degeneration
title_sort	medication trends for age-related macular degeneration
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7a5d3af76ff94eee9f10ff0f852dae48
work_keys_str_mv	AT yeonkyoungcho medicationtrendsforagerelatedmaculardegeneration AT daehunpark medicationtrendsforagerelatedmaculardegeneration AT inchuljeon medicationtrendsforagerelatedmaculardegeneration
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Medication Trends for Age-Related Macular Degeneration

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