Evaluating underlying causative factors for earthquake-induced landslides and landslide susceptibility mapping in Upper Indrawati Watershed, Nepal

Abstract The main objective of this study is to understand the overall impact of earthquake in upper Indrawati Watershed, located in the high mountainous region of Nepal. Hence, we have assessed the relationship between the co-seismic landslide and underlying causative factors as well as performed l...

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Autores principales:	Pawan Gautam, Tetsuya Kubota, Aril Aditian
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	SpringerOpen 2021
Materias:	Earthquake-induced landslide Co-seismic landslide Landslide distribution Landslide susceptibility mapping Logistic regression Upper-Indrawati Watershed Disasters and engineering TA495 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7ab4ce9f6f804731b3aa61c06854d762
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7ab4ce9f6f804731b3aa61c06854d7622021-12-05T12:16:29ZEvaluating underlying causative factors for earthquake-induced landslides and landslide susceptibility mapping in Upper Indrawati Watershed, Nepal10.1186/s40677-021-00200-32197-8670https://doaj.org/article/7ab4ce9f6f804731b3aa61c06854d7622021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-021-00200-3https://doaj.org/toc/2197-8670Abstract The main objective of this study is to understand the overall impact of earthquake in upper Indrawati Watershed, located in the high mountainous region of Nepal. Hence, we have assessed the relationship between the co-seismic landslide and underlying causative factors as well as performed landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) to identify the landslide susceptible zone in the study area. We assessed the landslides distribution in terms of density, number, and area within 85 classes of 13 causal factors including slope, aspect, elevation, formation, land cover, distance to road and river, soil type, total curvature, seismic intensity, topographic wetness index, distance to fault, and flow accumulation. The earthquake-induced landslide is clustered in Northern region of the study area, which is dominated by steep rocky slope, forested land, and low human density. Among the causal factors, 'slope' showed positive correlation for landslide occurrence. Increase in slope in the study area also escalates the landslide distribution, with highest density at 43%, landslide number at 4.34/km2, and landslide area abundance at 2.97% in a slope class (> 50°). We used logistic regression (LR) for LSM integrating with geographic information system. LR analysis depicts that land cover is the best predictor followed by slope and distance to fault with higher positive coefficient values. LSM was validated by assessing the correctly classified landslides under susceptibility categories using area under curve (AUC) and seed cell area index (SCAI). The LSM approach showed good accuracy with respective AUC values for success rate and prediction rate of 0.843 and 0.832. Similarly, the decreasing SCAI value from very low to very high susceptibility categories advise satisfactory accuracy of the LSM approach.Pawan GautamTetsuya KubotaAril AditianSpringerOpenarticleEarthquake-induced landslideCo-seismic landslideLandslide distributionLandslide susceptibility mappingLogistic regressionUpper-Indrawati WatershedDisasters and engineeringTA495Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENGeoenvironmental Disasters, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-19 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Earthquake-induced landslide Co-seismic landslide Landslide distribution Landslide susceptibility mapping Logistic regression Upper-Indrawati Watershed Disasters and engineering TA495 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	Earthquake-induced landslide Co-seismic landslide Landslide distribution Landslide susceptibility mapping Logistic regression Upper-Indrawati Watershed Disasters and engineering TA495 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Pawan Gautam Tetsuya Kubota Aril Aditian Evaluating underlying causative factors for earthquake-induced landslides and landslide susceptibility mapping in Upper Indrawati Watershed, Nepal
description	Abstract The main objective of this study is to understand the overall impact of earthquake in upper Indrawati Watershed, located in the high mountainous region of Nepal. Hence, we have assessed the relationship between the co-seismic landslide and underlying causative factors as well as performed landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) to identify the landslide susceptible zone in the study area. We assessed the landslides distribution in terms of density, number, and area within 85 classes of 13 causal factors including slope, aspect, elevation, formation, land cover, distance to road and river, soil type, total curvature, seismic intensity, topographic wetness index, distance to fault, and flow accumulation. The earthquake-induced landslide is clustered in Northern region of the study area, which is dominated by steep rocky slope, forested land, and low human density. Among the causal factors, 'slope' showed positive correlation for landslide occurrence. Increase in slope in the study area also escalates the landslide distribution, with highest density at 43%, landslide number at 4.34/km2, and landslide area abundance at 2.97% in a slope class (> 50°). We used logistic regression (LR) for LSM integrating with geographic information system. LR analysis depicts that land cover is the best predictor followed by slope and distance to fault with higher positive coefficient values. LSM was validated by assessing the correctly classified landslides under susceptibility categories using area under curve (AUC) and seed cell area index (SCAI). The LSM approach showed good accuracy with respective AUC values for success rate and prediction rate of 0.843 and 0.832. Similarly, the decreasing SCAI value from very low to very high susceptibility categories advise satisfactory accuracy of the LSM approach.
format	article
author	Pawan Gautam Tetsuya Kubota Aril Aditian
author_facet	Pawan Gautam Tetsuya Kubota Aril Aditian
author_sort	Pawan Gautam
title	Evaluating underlying causative factors for earthquake-induced landslides and landslide susceptibility mapping in Upper Indrawati Watershed, Nepal
title_short	Evaluating underlying causative factors for earthquake-induced landslides and landslide susceptibility mapping in Upper Indrawati Watershed, Nepal
title_full	Evaluating underlying causative factors for earthquake-induced landslides and landslide susceptibility mapping in Upper Indrawati Watershed, Nepal
title_fullStr	Evaluating underlying causative factors for earthquake-induced landslides and landslide susceptibility mapping in Upper Indrawati Watershed, Nepal
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluating underlying causative factors for earthquake-induced landslides and landslide susceptibility mapping in Upper Indrawati Watershed, Nepal
title_sort	evaluating underlying causative factors for earthquake-induced landslides and landslide susceptibility mapping in upper indrawati watershed, nepal
publisher	SpringerOpen
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7ab4ce9f6f804731b3aa61c06854d762
work_keys_str_mv	AT pawangautam evaluatingunderlyingcausativefactorsforearthquakeinducedlandslidesandlandslidesusceptibilitymappinginupperindrawatiwatershednepal AT tetsuyakubota evaluatingunderlyingcausativefactorsforearthquakeinducedlandslidesandlandslidesusceptibilitymappinginupperindrawatiwatershednepal AT ariladitian evaluatingunderlyingcausativefactorsforearthquakeinducedlandslidesandlandslidesusceptibilitymappinginupperindrawatiwatershednepal
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Evaluating underlying causative factors for earthquake-induced landslides and landslide susceptibility mapping in Upper Indrawati Watershed, Nepal

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